Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_generalinstructions — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Several packages are patched before compilation, but only when the patch is needed to circumvent a problem. A patch is often needed in both the current and the following chapters, but sometimes, when the same package is built more than once, the patch is not needed right away. Therefore, do not be concerned if instructions for a downloaded patch seem to be missing. Warning messages about <emphasis>offset</emphasis> or <emphasis>fuzz</emphasis> may also be encountered when applying a patch. Do not worry about these warnings; the patch was still successfully applied.
某些软件包在编译前需要打补丁，然而补丁只在绕过特定问题时才需要。补丁常常在本章和下一章都要使用，然而有时只在其中一章使用。因此，如果发现本书给出的步骤中没有使用某个下载好的补丁，这是正常的，不必担心。在应用补丁时可能会出现关于 <emphasis>offset</emphasis> 或者 <emphasis>fuzz</emphasis> 的警告信息。不用担心这些警告，补丁还是会成功应用到源码上的。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The overall goal of <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> is to produce a temporary area containing a set of tools that are known to be good, and that are isolated from the host system. By using the <command>chroot</command> command, the compilations in the remaining chapters will be isolated within that environment, ensuring a clean, trouble-free build of the target LFS system. The build process has been designed to minimize the risks for new readers, and to provide the most educational value at the same time.
<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>和<xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>的总目标是构造一个临时环境，它包含一组可靠的，能够与宿主系统完全分离的工具。这样，通过使用 <command>chroot</command> 命令，其余各章中执行的命令就被限制在这个临时环境中。这确保我们能够干净、顺利地构建 LFS 系统。整个构建过程被精心设计，以尽量降低新读者可能面临的风险，同时提供尽可能多的教育价值。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter05_libstdc__ — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Libstdc++ from GCC-&gcc-version;
GCC-&gcc-version; 中的 Libstdc++，第一遍
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
These chapters run commands on the host system. When restarting, be certain of one thing:
这些章节是在宿主系统完成的。在重启后，注意下列事项：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Software
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Create the mount point and mount the LFS file system with these commands:
输入以下命令以创建挂载点，并挂载 LFS 文件系统：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Having this variable set is beneficial in that commands such as <command>mkdir -v $LFS/tools</command> can be typed literally. The shell will automatically replace <quote>$LFS</quote> with <quote>/mnt/lfs</quote> (or whatever value the variable was set to) when it processes the command line.
设置该环境变量的好处是，我们可以直接输入书中的命令，例如 <command>mkdir -v $LFS/tools</command>。Shell 在解析命令时会自动将 <quote>$LFS</quote> 替换成 <quote>/mnt/lfs</quote> (或是您设置的其他值)。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_createfiles — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
/run/utmp
/var/run/utmp
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Begin by creating the directories on which these virtual file systems will be mounted:
首先创建这些文件系统的挂载点：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Until <xref linkend="ch-tools-chroot"/>, the commands must be run as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, with the <envar>LFS</envar> variable set. After entering chroot, all commands are run as &root;, fortunately without access to the OS of the computer you built LFS on. Be careful anyway, as it is easy to destroy the whole LFS system with bad commands.
从现在开始，直到<xref linkend="ch-tools-chroot"/>，所有命令必须以 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> 用户身份执行，且 <envar>LFS</envar> 变量必须正确设定。在进入 chroot 之后，仍然以 root 身份执行所有命令，但幸运的是此时无法访问您构建 LFS 的计算机的宿主系统。不过仍然要小心，因为错误的命令很容易摧毁整个 LFS 系统。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>rm -rf /usr/share/{info,man,doc}/*</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <parameter>-i</parameter> option given to the <command>env</command> command will clear all the variables in the chroot environment. After that, only the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, <envar>PS1</envar>, and <envar>PATH</envar> variables are set again. The <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct sets the <envar>TERM</envar> variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is needed so programs like <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command> can operate properly. If other variables are desired, such as <envar>CFLAGS</envar> or <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>, this is a good place to set them.
通过传递 <parameter>-i</parameter> 选项给 <command>env</command> 命令，可以清除 chroot 环境中的所有环境变量。随后，只重新设定 <envar>HOME</envar>，<envar>TERM</envar>，<envar>PS1</envar>，以及 <envar>PATH</envar> 变量。参数 <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> 将 chroot 环境中的 <envar>TERM</envar> 变量设为和 chroot 环境外相同的值。一些程序需要这个变量才能正常工作，例如 <command>vim</command> 和 <command>less</command>。如果需要设定其他变量，例如 <envar>CFLAGS</envar> 或 <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>，也可以在这里设定。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If your system has UEFI support and you wish to boot LFS with UEFI, you should skip this page, and configure GRUB with UEFI support using the instructions provided in <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/grub-setup.html">the BLFS page</ulink>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter10_fstab — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/fstab

# file system mount-point type options dump fsck
# order

/dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> / <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> defaults 1 1
/dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> swap swap pri=1 0 0
proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0

# End /etc/fstab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/fstab

# 文件系统 挂载点 类型 选项 转储 检查
# 顺序

/dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> / <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> defaults 1 1
/dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> swap swap pri=1 0 0
proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0

# End /etc/fstab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_dependencies — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For each package that is built, there are three, and sometimes up to five types of dependencies listed below. The first lists what other packages need to be available in order to compile and install the package in question. The second lists the packages that must be available when any programs or libraries from the package are used at runtime. The third lists what packages, in addition to those on the first list, need to be available in order to run the test suites. The fourth list of dependencies are packages that require this package to be built and installed in its final location before they are built and installed. In most cases, this is because these packages will hard code paths to binaries within their scripts. If not built in a certain order, this could result in paths of /tools/bin/[binary] being placed inside scripts installed to the final system. This is obviously not desirable.
对于我们构建的每个软件包，我们都列出了三种甚至四种依赖关系。第一种列出了编译和安装该软件包需要的其他软件包。第二种列出了不属于第一种情况，但在运行该软件包测试套件时需要的其他软件包。第三种列出了在构建和安装前，需要该软件包已经构建并安装到最终位置的其他软件包。多数情况下，这是因为它们会在脚本中硬编码指向二进制程序的路径。如果不按照特定顺序构建，则最终的系统中某个脚本可能包含路径 /tools/bin/[二进制程序]，这显然是我们不希望的。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_abouttestsuites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Running the test suites in <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> is pointless; since the test programs are compiled with a cross-compiler, they probably can't run on the build host.
在<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>和<xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>中不可能运行测试套件，因为这些程序是使用交叉编译器编译的，根本不该在构建它们的宿主系统运行。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}

for i in bin lib sbin; do
ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i
done

case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{bin,etc,lib,sbin,usr,var}
case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, or when switched to the &lfs-user; user using an <command>su</command> command with the <quote><parameter>-</parameter></quote> option, the initial shell is a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>. The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment.
在以 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 用户登录时，初始的 shell 一般是一个<emphasis>登录</emphasis> shell。它读取宿主系统的 <filename>/etc/profile</filename> 文件 (可能包含一些设置和环境变量)，然后读取 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>。我们在 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 中使用 <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> 命令，新建一个除了 <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar> 以及 <envar>PS1</envar> 外没有任何环境变量的 shell，替换当前 shell，防止宿主环境中不必要和有潜在风险的环境变量进入编译环境。通过使用以上技巧，我们创建了一个干净环境。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For example, consider a package whose compilation time is 4.5 SBUs. This means that if your system took 10 minutes to compile and install the first pass of binutils, it will take <emphasis>approximately</emphasis> 45 minutes to build the example package. Fortunately, most build times are shorter than one SBU.
例如，考虑一个编译时间是 4.5 SBU 的软件包。如果在某个系统上，需要 10 分钟来编译和安装第一轮的 Binutils，那么<emphasis>大概</emphasis>需要 45 分钟才能构建这个软件包。幸运的是，多数软件包构建时间比 Binutils 少。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_addinguser — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is what the command line options mean:
命令行各选项的含义:
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
wheel
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
We do not recommend using customized optimizations. They can make a program run slightly faster, but they may also cause compilation difficulties, and problems when running the program. If a package refuses to compile with a customized optimization, try to compile it without optimization and see if that fixes the problem. Even if the package does compile when using a customized optimization, there is the risk it may have been compiled incorrectly because of the complex interactions between the code and the build tools. Also note that the <option>-march</option> and <option>-mtune</option> options using values not specified in the book have not been tested. This may cause problems with the toolchain packages (Binutils, GCC and Glibc). The small potential gains achieved by customizing compiler optimizations are often outweighed by the risks. First-time builders of LFS are encouraged to build without custom optimizations.
我们不推荐在编译中使用优化。编译优化可以使程序跑得稍微快一点，但也可能在编译或运行的过程中带来问题。如果一个软件包在打开优化时无法编译，试着关闭优化再编译它。即使一个软件包在打开优化时可以编译，由于源代码和编译工具的复杂相互作用，仍然存在编译不正确的风险。另外请注意，除本书明确说明外，设定 <option>-march</option> 和 <option>-mtune</option> 是未经验证的。它们可能在工具链软件包 (Binutils、GCC 和 Glibc) 中引发问题。使用编译优化带来的微小性能增益往往不值得冒编译错误的风险。我们建议第一次构建 LFS 的读者不要使用自定义的优化选项。这样，得到的系统仍然会运行得很快，而且会很稳定。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are also several files in the /usr/lib and /usr/libexec directories with a file name extension of .la. These are "libtool archive" files. On a modern Linux system the libtool .la files are only useful for libltdl. No libraries in LFS are expected to be loaded by libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can break BLFS package builds. Remove those files now:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A <command>strip</command> command with the <parameter>--strip-unneeded</parameter> option removes all debug symbols from a binary or library. It also removes all symbol table entries not needed by the linker (for static libraries) or dynamic linker (for dynamically linked binaries and shared libraries).
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Before building an LFS system, we urge you to read these articles:
在您开始构建 LFS 系统之前，我们建议您阅读下列材料：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_why — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
这个软件包包含管理访问控制列表 (ACL) 的工具，用来对文件和目录提供更细粒度的访问权限控制。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another key benefit of LFS is that it gives you control of the system without relying on someone else's Linux implementation. With LFS, you are in the driver's seat. <emphasis>You</emphasis> dictate every aspect of your system.
LFS 的另一个关键优势是，它允许您更好地控制您的系统，而不用依赖于其他人的 Linux 实现。您就像坐在驾驶座上一样，完全掌控系统的各个方面。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/index.html"> Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Version 3.0</ulink>
<ulink url="http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/index.html"> Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Version 3.0</ulink>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
System V is the classic boot process that has been used in Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux since about 1983. It consists of a small program, <command>init</command>, that sets up basic processes such as <command>login</command> (via getty) and runs a script. This script, usually named <command>rc</command>, controls the execution of a set of additional scripts that perform the tasks required to initialize the system.
System V 是自 1983 年以来就在 Unix 和 Linux 等类 Unix 系统中被广泛应用的经典引导过程。它包含一个小程序 <command>init</command>，该程序设定 <command>login</command> (通过 getty)并运行一个脚本。该脚本一般被命名为 <command>rc</command>，控制一组附加脚本的运行，这些附加脚本完成初始化系统需要的各项工作。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, we installed the udev daemon when <phrase revision="sysv">eudev</phrase> <phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase> was built. Before we go into the details regarding how udev works, a brief history of previous methods of handling devices is in order.
在<xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>中，我们在构建 <phrase revision="sysv">eudev</phrase> <phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase> 时安装了 Udev 软件包。在我们详细讨论它的工作原理之前，首先按时间顺序简要介绍历史上曾经使用过的设备管理方式。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In the new naming scheme, typical network device names are something like enp5s0 or wlp3s0. If this naming convention is not desired, the traditional naming scheme, or a custom scheme, can be implemented.
在新的命名架构中，典型的网络设备名称就像 enp5s0 或 wlp3s0 这样。如果您不喜欢这种命名惯例，可以采用传统或自定义命名架构。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter06_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Once again, let us recall that improper setting of <envar>LFS</envar> together with building as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, may render your computer unusable. This whole chapter must be done as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, with the environment as described in <xref linkend="ch-preps-settingenviron"/>.
再一次地，请注意如果 <envar>LFS</envar> 环境变量设置错误，而且使用 root 用户身份构建，可能导致您的电脑完全无法使用。本章应该以用户 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 身份完成，且环境变量应该如同<xref linkend="ch-preps-settingenviron"/>所述设置。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_reboot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A review of the following configuration files is also appropriate at this point.
最后，可以再次检查下列配置文件。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A server is the simpler category. Generally this consists of a web server such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/apache.html">Apache HTTP Server</ulink> and a database server such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/mariadb.html">MariaDB</ulink>. However other services are possible. The operating system embedded in a single use device falls into this category.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter03_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Download locations may not always be accessible. If a download location has changed since this book was published, Google (<ulink url="https://www.google.com/"/>) provides a useful search engine for most packages. If this search is unsuccessful, try one of the alternative means of downloading at <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/mirrors.html#files"/>.
本书列出的下载位置可能失效。如果本书发布后，某个下载位置发生变化，可以用 Google (<ulink url="http://www.google.com/"/>) 提供的搜索引擎找到大多数软件包。如果搜索不到，尝试 <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/packages.html#packages"/> 给出的备用地址。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="chapter-partitioning"/> of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system, where the new LFS system will be compiled and installed. <xref linkend="chapter-getting-materials"/> explains which packages and patches must be downloaded to build an LFS system, and how to store them on the new file system. <xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/> discusses the setup of an appropriate working environment. Please read <xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/> carefully as it explains several important issues you should be aware of before you begin to work your way through <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and beyond.
本书的<xref linkend="chapter-partitioning"/>描述了如何创建一个新的 Linux 本地分区和文件系统，新的 LFS 系统将在该文件系统中被编译和安装。<xref linkend="chapter-getting-materials"/>列举了在构建 LFS 系统的过程中必须下载的软件包和补丁，并解释了在新文件系统中存储它们的方法。<xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/>讨论工作环境的正确配置。请仔细阅读<xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/>，因为它解释了您在开始<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>及后续章节的工作前必须了解的一些重要问题。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
We also have a wonderful LFS community that is willing to offer assistance through the mailing lists and IRC (see the <xref linkend="ch-intro-resources"/> section of this book). However, we get several support questions every day, and many of them could have been easily answered by going to the FAQ or by searching the mailing lists first. So, for us to offer the best assistance possible, you should first do some research on your own. That allows us to focus on the more unusual support needs. If your searches do not produce a solution, please include all the relevant information (mentioned below) in your request for help.
我们也有一个吸引人的 LFS 社区，社区成员愿意通过邮件列表和 IRC (见<xref linkend="ch-intro-resources"/>) 提供支援。然而，我们每天都会得到一大堆明明在 FAQ 或者邮件列表中能找到答案的问题。因此，为了使得技术支持的效能最大化，您需要自己先对问题进行一些研究。这样，我们就能够集中精力解决最特殊的支援需求。如果您的研究得不到结果，请您在求助时附带下面列出的全部相关信息。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter&nbsp;1 - Mailing Lists
邮件列表
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The next section is a technical introduction to the build process, while the following one presents <emphasis role="strong">very important</emphasis> general instructions.
下一节将给出构建过程的技术说明，再下一节包含<emphasis role="strong">非常重要</emphasis>的通用说明。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_generalinstructions — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
During the compilation of most packages, some warnings will scroll by on the screen. These are normal and can safely be ignored. These warnings are usually about deprecated, but not invalid, use of the C or C++ syntax. C standards change fairly often, and some packages have not yet been updated. This is not a serious problem, but it does cause the warnings to appear.
在编译大多数软件包时，屏幕上都会出现一些警告。这是正常的，可以放心地忽略。这些警告就像它们描述的那样，是关于一些过时的，但并不是错误的 C 或 C++ 语法。C 标准经常改变，一些软件包仍然在使用旧的标准。这并不是一个严重的问题，但确实会触发警告。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This build process is based on <emphasis>cross-compilation</emphasis>. Cross-compilation is normally used to build a compiler and its associated toolchain for a machine different from the one that is used for the build. This is not strictly necessary for LFS, since the machine where the new system will run is the same as the one used for the build. But cross-compilation has one great advantage: anything that is cross-compiled cannot depend on the host environment.
构建过程是基于<emphasis>交叉编译</emphasis>过程的。交叉编译通常被用于为一台与本机完全不同的计算机构建编译器及其工具链。这对于 LFS 并不严格必要，因为新系统运行的机器就是构建它时使用的。但是，交叉编译拥有一项重要优势，即任何交叉编译产生的程序都不可能依赖于宿主环境。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Procedures performed as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user after Section 2.4 must have the LFS environment variable set <emphasis>FOR THE ROOT USER</emphasis>.
在第 2.4 节之后，以 root 用户身份执行的步骤要求 LFS 环境变量已经 <emphasis>为 root 用户</emphasis>设置好。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Second, on a modern Linux system, the libtool .la files are only useful for libltdl. No libraries in LFS are loaded by libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can cause BLFS package failures. Remove those files now:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
From this point on, there is no need to use the <envar>LFS</envar> variable any more because all work will be restricted to the LFS file system; the <command>chroot</command> command runs the Bash shell with the root (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory set to <filename class='directory'>$LFS</filename>.
从现在开始，就不再需要使用 <envar>LFS</envar> 环境变量，因为所有工作都被局限在 LFS 文件系统内。这是由于 Bash 被告知 <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> 现在是根目录 (<filename class="directory">/</filename>)。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_dependencies — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The last list of dependencies are optional packages that are not addressed in LFS, but could be useful to the user. These packages may have additional mandatory or optional dependencies of their own. For these dependencies, the recommended practice is to install them after completion of the LFS book and then go back and rebuild the LFS package. In several cases, re-installation is addressed in BLFS.
第四种列出的依赖关系是 LFS 中没有提到的可选软件包，但它们对用户可能很有用。这些软件包本身可能还有必要或可选的依赖关系。对于这些依赖关系，推荐的方法是在完成 LFS 手册后，安装可选依赖项，再重新构建相关的 LFS 软件包。BLFS 提到了几个软件包的重新安装方法。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_abouttestsuites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A common issue with running the test suites for binutils and GCC is running out of pseudo terminals (PTYs). This can result in a large number of failing tests. This may happen for several reasons, but the most likely cause is that the host system does not have the <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file system set up correctly. This issue is discussed in greater detail at <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/faq.html#no-ptys"/>.
在运行 Binutils 和 GCC 的测试套件时，最普遍发生的问题是伪终端 (PTY) 被耗尽。这会导致大量测试出现失败结果。这种现象有多种可能原因，但最常见的原因是宿主系统没有正确设置 <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> 文件系统。关于这个问题的更多细节在 <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/faq.html#no-ptys"/> 中进行了讨论。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Programs in <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> will be compiled with a cross-compiler (more details can be found in section <xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"/>). This cross-compiler will be installed in a special directory, to separate it from the other programs. Still acting as &root;, create that directory with this command:
在 <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> 中，会使用交叉编译器编译程序 (细节参见<xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"/>一节)。为了将这个交叉编译器和其他程序分离，它会被安装在一个专门的目录。执行以下命令创建该目录：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis> shell, which does not read, and execute, the contents of the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or <filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads, and executes, the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:
新的 shell 实例是 <emphasis>非登录</emphasis> shell，它不会读取和执行 <filename>/etc/profile</filename> 或者 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 的内容，而是读取并执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件。现在我们就创建一个 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
SBUs are not entirely accurate because they depend on many factors, including the host system's version of GCC. They are provided here to give an estimate of how long it might take to install a package, but the numbers can vary by as much as dozens of minutes in some cases.
一般来说，SBU 不是完全准确的。这是由于它受到许多因素的影响，包括宿主系统的 GCC 版本。SBU 只能用来估计安装一个软件包可能需要的时间，估计结果的误差在个别情况下可能达到几十分钟。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Wheel is a Python library that is the reference implementation of the Python wheel packaging standard.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, we keep the optimizations enabled by the default configuration of the packages. In addition, we sometimes explicitly enable an optimized configuration provided by a package but not enabled by default. The package maintainers have already tested these configurations and consider them safe, so it's not likely they would break the build. Generally the default configuration already enables <option>-O2</option> or <option>-O3</option>, so the resulting system will still run very fast without any customized optimization, and be stable at the same time.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_man-pages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Man-pages package contains over 2,400 man pages.
Man-pages 软件包包含 2,200 多个 man 页面。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_findutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. Programs are provided to search through all the files in a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable unless the database has been updated recently). Findutils also supplies the <command>xargs</command> program, which can be used to run a specified command on each file selected by a search.
Findutils 软件包包含用于查找文件的程序。这些程序能够递归地搜索目录树，以及创建、维护和搜索文件数据库 (一般比递归搜索快，但在数据库最近没有更新时不可靠)。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_readline — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Readline package is a set of libraries that offer command-line editing and history capabilities.
Readline 软件包包含一些提供命令行编辑和历史记录功能的库。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_coreutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Coreutils package contains the basic utility programs needed by every operating system.
Coreutils 软件包包含用于显示和设定系统基本属性的工具。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_bash — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again Shell.
Bash 软件包包含 Bourne-Again SHell。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_gdbm — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. It is a library of database functions that uses extensible hashing and works like the standard UNIX dbm. The library provides primitives for storing key/data pairs, searching and retrieving the data by its key and deleting a key along with its data.
GDBM 软件包包含 GNU 数据库管理器。它是一个使用可扩展散列的数据库函数库，工作方法和标准 UNIX dbm 类似。该库提供用于存储键值对、通过键搜索和获取数据，以及删除键和对应数据的原语。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The debugging symbols from selected libraries are preserved in separate files. That debugging information is needed to run regression tests with <ulink url='&blfs-book;/general/valgrind.html'>valgrind</ulink> or <ulink url='&blfs-book;/general/gdb.html'>gdb</ulink> later, in BLFS.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe is a Python module that implements an XML/HTML/XHTML Markup safe string.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2 is a Python module that implements a simple pythonic template language.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_attr — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Attr package contains utilities to administer the extended attributes of filesystem objects.
Attr 软件包包含管理文件系统对象扩展属性的工具。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_e2fsprogs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the <systemitem class="filesystem">ext2</systemitem> file system. It also supports the <systemitem class="filesystem">ext3</systemitem> and <systemitem class="filesystem">ext4</systemitem> journaling file systems.
E2fsprogs 软件包包含处理 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext2</systemitem> 文件系统的工具。此外它也支持 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext3</systemitem> 和 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext4</systemitem> 日志文件系统。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_meson — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Meson is an open source build system designed to be both extremely fast and as user friendly as possible.
Meson 是一个开放源代码构建系统，它的设计保证了非常快的执行速度，和尽可能高的用户友好性。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_python — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Python 3 package contains the Python development environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming, writing scripts, prototyping large programs, and developing entire applications. Python is an interpreted computer language.
Python 3 软件包包含 Python 开发环境。它被用于面向对象编程，编写脚本，为大型程序建立原型，或者开发完整的应用。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_sysklogd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those emitted by the kernel when unusual things happen.
Sysklogd 软件包包含记录系统消息的程序，例如在意外情况发生时内核给出的消息。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_acl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
Acl 软件包包含管理访问控制列表的工具，访问控制列表能够更细致地自由定义文件和目录的访问权限。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are multiple solutions for package management, each having its strengths and drawbacks. Finding one solution that satisfies all audiences is difficult.
存在多种软件包管理的解决方案，它们各有优缺点。很难找到一种让所有读者满意的方案。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_aboutdebug — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A <command>bash</command> binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB (60% smaller)
一个没有调试符号的 <command>bash</command> 二进制程序：480 KB
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_libtool — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It makes the use of shared libraries simpler with a consistent, portable interface.
Libtool 软件包包含 GNU 通用库支持脚本。它在一个一致、可移植的接口下隐藏了使用共享库的复杂性。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_groff — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text and images.
Groff 软件包包含处理和格式化文本的程序。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_libcap — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Libcap package implements the userspace interface to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities partition the all-powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
Libcap 软件包为 Linux 内核提供的 POSIX 1003.1e 权能字实现用户接口。这些权能字是 root 用户的最高特权分割成的一组不同权限。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Software-Building-HOWTO <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/>
Software-Building-HOWTO <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
LFS allows you to create very compact Linux systems. With other distributions you are often forced to install a great many programs you neither use nor understand. These programs waste resources. You may argue that with today's hard drives and CPUs, wasted resources are no longer a consideration. Sometimes, however, you are still constrained by the system's size, if nothing else. Think about bootable CDs, USB sticks, and embedded systems. Those are areas where LFS can be beneficial.
LFS 允许您创建非常紧凑的 Linux 系统。在安装传统的 Linux 发行版时，您往往不得不安装一大堆可能永远不会用到，甚至完全无法理解其必要性的程序。它们会浪费系统资源。您可能以为，有了现代的大容量硬盘和高速 CPU，就不需要考虑资源耗费的问题。然而，在一些情况下，即使不考虑其他问题，仅仅存储空间的约束就十分紧张。可引导 CD，USB 启动盘或者嵌入式系统就是典型代表。在这些领域中，LFS 是十分有用的。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</ulink>
<ulink url="http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</ulink>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_architecture — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
As you can see, on the same hardware, the 64-bit build is only 3% faster (and 22% larger) than the 32-bit build. If you plan to use LFS as a LAMP server, or a firewall, a 32-bit CPU may be good enough. On the other hand, several packages in BLFS now need more than 4 GB of RAM to be built and/or to run; if you plan to use LFS as a desktop, the LFS authors recommend building a 64-bit system.
可以看出，在相同的硬件上，64 位系统的构建仅仅比 32 位快 3%，但占用的磁盘空间却比 32 位系统大 22%。如果您准备用 LFS 系统运行 LAMP 服务器，或者防火墙，那么 32 位 CPU 足以满足需求。然而，BLFS 中的一些软件包在构建或运行过程中可能需要超过 4GB 的内存，因此如果您准备将 LFS 作为桌面系统，LFS 作者推荐构建 64 位系统。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>init</command> program is controlled by the <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> file and is organized into run levels that can be chosen by the user. In LFS, they are used as follows:
<command>init</command> 程序受到 <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> 文件的控制，被组织为用户可以选择的系统运行级别：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_consoled — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>systemd-vconsole-setup</command> service reads the <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> file for configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this, see <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>. Examine the output of <command>localectl list-keymaps</command> for a list of valid console keymaps. Look in the <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> directory for valid screen fonts.
<command>systemd-vconsole-setup</command> 服务从 <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> 文件中读取配置信息。它根据配置确定使用的键映射和控制台字体。一些与特定语言相关的 HOWTO 文档可以帮助您进行配置，参阅 <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>。浏览 <command>localectl list-keymaps</command> 输出的可用控制台键映射列表。在 <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> 目录中寻找可用的控制台字体。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Linux systems in general traditionally used a static device creation method, whereby a great many device nodes were created under <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually existed. This was typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contained a number of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant major and minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in the world.
传统的 Linux 系统通常使用静态地创建设备，即在 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 下创建大量设备节点 (有时有数千个节点)，无论对应的硬件设备是否真的存在。一般通过 <command>MAKEDEV</command> 脚本完成这一工作，它包含以相关的主设备号和次设备号，为世界上可能存在的每个设备建立节点的大量 <command>mknod</command> 命令。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This version of LFS uses a special booting facility named SysVinit, based on a series of <emphasis>run levels</emphasis>. The boot procedure can be quite different from one system to another; the fact that things worked one way in a particular Linux distribution does not guarantee they will work the same way in LFS. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it does respect generally accepted standards.
Linux 使用一种称为 SysVinit 的特殊引导架构，它基于<emphasis>运行级别</emphasis> (run-level) 的概念而构建。不同系统的 SysVinit 可能会区别很大，因此不能假设那些在某个 Linux 发行版上正常工作的方法也能在 LFS 正常工作。LFS 有一些独特的工作方式，但它也遵守被广泛接受的标准。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_network — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The files in <filename class="directory">/etc/sysconfig/</filename> usually determine which interfaces are brought up and down by the network script. This directory should contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as <filename>ifconfig.xyz</filename>, where <quote>xyz</quote> describes the network card. The interface name (e.g. eth0) is usually appropriate. Each file contains the attributes of one interface, such as its IP address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. The stem of the filename must be <emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis>.
负责网络的引导脚本通常根据 <filename class="directory">/etc/sysconfig</filename> 中配置文件的内容，启用或禁用网络接口。对于每个需要配置的网络接口，该目录中都应该包含一个文件，文件名类似 <filename>ifconfig.xyz</filename>，这里<quote>xyz</quote>应该能够描述该网卡。使用接口名 (如 eth0) 一般比较合适。文件内部是该网络接口的属性，如 IP 地址、子网掩码等。文件名必须以 <emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis> 开头。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_profile — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For more information, see the <emphasis>Bash Startup Files</emphasis> and <emphasis>Interactive Shells</emphasis> sections in the <emphasis>Bash Features</emphasis> chapter of the Bash info pages (<command>info bash</command>).
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> explains the installation of the initial tool chain, (binutils, gcc, and glibc) using cross-compilation techniques to isolate the new tools from the host system.
<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>解释初始工具链 (binutils, gcc,以及 glibc) 的安装过程，在安装过程中使用交叉编译技术，将新的工具与宿主系统完全隔离。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Bash &bash-version;
Bc &bc-version;
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapters&nbsp;5&ndash;6
第 5&ndash;6 章
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Replace <replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> with the name of the LFS partition.
将 <replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> 替换成 LFS 分区的代号。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Notice that <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> is not in the <envar>PATH</envar>. This means that the cross toolchain will no longer be used.
注意 <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> 不在 <envar>PATH</envar> 中。这意味着交叉工具链在 chroot 环境中不被再使用。这还需要保证 shell 不<quote>记忆</quote>执行过的程序的位置 —— 因此需要传递 <parameter>+h</parameter> 参数给 <command>bash</command> 以关闭散列功能。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_abouttestsuites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Sometimes package test suites will fail for reasons which the developers are aware of and have deemed non-critical. Consult the logs located at <ulink url="&test-results;"/> to verify whether or not these failures are expected. This site is valid for all test suites throughout this book.
一些软件包的测试套件总是失败，但开发者已经知道失败原因，并判定这些失败并不重要。参照 <ulink url="&test-results;"/> 中的构建日志，来检查这些失败是否符合预期。本书中的所有测试都可以在该网址查询。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_libffi — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface. An FFI allows a program written in one language to call a program written in another language. Specifically, Libffi can provide a bridge between an interpreter like Perl, or Python, and shared library subroutines written in C, or C++.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For more information about libtool archive files, see the <ulink url="&blfs-book;introduction/la-files.html">BLFS section "About Libtool Archive (.la) files"</ulink>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Note that <command>strip</command> will overwrite the binary or library file it is processing. This can crash the processes using code or data from the file. If the process running <command>strip</command> is affected, the binary or library being stripped can be destroyed; this can make the system completely unusable. To avoid this problem we copy some libraries and binaries into <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>, strip them there, then reinstall them with the <command>install</command> command. (The related entry in <xref linkend="pkgmgmt-upgrade-issues"/> gives the rationale for using the <command>install</command> command here.)
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are some hints written on the topic of package management. Visit the <ulink url="&hints-root;">Hints Project</ulink> and see if one of them fits your needs.
已经有人写了一些关于软件包管理这一主题的短文。您可以访问 <ulink url="&hints-root;">Hints Project</ulink> 并看一看是否有符合您的需求的方案。