Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing <quote>generic</quote> Unix software packages under Linux. Although it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques used to build and install software.
这是一份关于在 Linux 环境编译和安装 <quote>一般的</quote> Unix 软件包的详细指南。虽然这份文档比较老，但是它较好地总结了编译和安装软件的基本技巧。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_why — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package contains programs for managing extended attributes on file system objects.
这个软件包包含管理文件系统对象的扩展属性的程序。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another advantage of a custom built Linux system is security. By compiling the entire system from source code, you are empowered to audit everything and apply all the security patches you want. You don't have to wait for somebody else to compile binary packages that fix a security hole. Unless you examine the patch and implement it yourself, you have no guarantee that the new binary package was built correctly and adequately fixes the problem.
自行定制的 Linux 系统在安全方面也具有优势。在从源码编译整个系统的过程中，您有机会审核所有的代码，并安装您需要的安全补丁。您不需要像往常那样等待其他人编译一个修复了安全漏洞的二进制包。另外，除非您亲自检查并应用了补丁，您无法保证新的二进制包在编译过程中没有出问题，并且正确修补了安全漏洞。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LSB has four separate specifications: Core, Desktop, Runtime Languages, and Imaging. Some parts of Core and Desktop specifications are architecture specific. There are also two trial specifications: Gtk3 and Graphics. LFS attempts to conform to the LSB specifications for the IA32 (32-bit x86) or AMD64 (x86_64) architectures discussed in the previous section.
LSB 由 4 个独立的标准组成：Core、Desktop、Runtime Language 和 Imaging。除了通用要求外，还有架构特定的要求。另外，还有两个处于试用阶段的标准：Gtk3 和 Graphics。LFS 试图遵循 LSB 对前一节讨论的那些架构的要求。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_architecture — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The default 64-bit build that results from LFS is a <quote>pure</quote> 64-bit system. That is, it supports 64-bit executables only. Building a <quote>multi-lib</quote> system requires compiling many applications twice, once for a 32-bit system and once for a 64-bit system. This is not directly supported in LFS because it would interfere with the educational objective of providing the minimal instructions needed for a basic Linux system. Some of the LFS/BLFS editors maintain a multilib fork of LFS, accessible at <ulink url="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html"/>. But that's an advanced topic.
完全按照本书构建的 LFS 系统是一个<quote>纯粹的</quote> 64 位系统。换句话说，它只能运行 64 位可执行程序。构建一个<quote>multi-lib</quote> 系统需要将许多应用程序编译两次，一次编译为 32 位，另一次编译为 64 位。本书不提供这方面的内容，因为本书的教学目的是提供简洁的基本 Linux 系统的构建方法，讨论 multilib 会和这一目标发生冲突。一些 LFS/BLFS 编辑维护了 LFS 的 multilib 版本，可以在 <ulink url="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html"/> 查阅。但这是一个比较复杂的主题。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
0 &mdash; halt
1 &mdash; Single user mode
2 &mdash; User definable
3 &mdash; Full multiuser mode
4 &mdash; User definable
5 &mdash; Full multiuser mode with display manager
6 &mdash; reboot
0 &mdash; 停止运行
1 &mdash; 单用户模式
2 &mdash; 多用户模式，没有网络
3 &mdash; 完整的多用户模式
4 &mdash; 用户自定义模式
5 &mdash; 拥有显示管理器的完整多用户模式
6 &mdash; 重启系统
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Using the udev method, device nodes are only created for those devices which are detected by the kernel. These device nodes are created each time the system boots; they are stored in a <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system (a virtual file system that resides entirely in system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so the memory that is used is negligible.
使用 Udev，则只有那些被内核检测到的设备才会获得为它们创建的设备节点。由于这些设备节点在每次引导系统时都会重新创建，它们被储存在 <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> 文件系统中 (一个虚拟文件系统，完全驻留在系统内存)。设备节点不需要太多空间，它们使用的系统内存可以忽略不计。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There is an alternative boot procedure called <command>systemd</command>. We will not discuss that boot process any further here. For a detailed description visit <ulink url="https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/understanding-and-using-systemd/"/>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The traditional naming scheme using eth0, eth1, etc. can be restored by adding <userinput>net.ifnames=0</userinput> on the kernel command line. This is most appropriate for systems that have just one ethernet device of a particular type. Laptops often have two ethernet connections named eth0 and wlan0; such laptops can also use this method. The command line is in the GRUB configuration file. See <xref linkend="grub-cfg"/>.
传统的，如同 eth0，eth1 这样的命名架构可以通过在内核命令行中加入 <userinput>net.ifnames=0</userinput> 而恢复。这在那些没有两块同类以太网设备的机器上最为合适。笔记本一般拥有两个以太网连接，在这种命名方式下分别是 eth0 和 wlan0，也可以采用这种方法。内核命令行需要写入 GRUB 配置文件中，参阅 <xref linkend="grub-cfg"/>。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/advisories/">LFS Security Advisories</ulink>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In addition to the above, there is a set of applications for system management for all kinds of systems. These applications are all in the BLFS book. Not all packages are needed in every environments. For example <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/dhcpcd.html">dhcpcd</ulink>, is not normally appropriate for a server and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wireless_tools.html">wireless_tools</ulink>, are normally only useful for a laptop system.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_changelog — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
[bdubbs] - LFS-11.3 released.
[bdubbs] — LFS-10.0 发布。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being experienced, any request for help should include these essential things:
除了简要描述您遇到的问题外，您应该在求助邮件中附带下列必要信息。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <systemitem class='domainname'>linuxfromscratch.org</systemitem> server hosts a number of mailing lists used for the development of the LFS project. These lists include the main development and support lists, among others. If you cannot find an answer to your problem on the FAQ page, the next step would be to search the mailing lists at <ulink url="&lfs-root;search.html"/>.
服务器 <uri>linuxfromscratch.org</uri> 管理了若干用于 LFS项目开发过程的邮件列表，其中有主要的开发列表和技术支持列表，以及其他辅助列表。如果 FAQ 不能解决您的问题，您可以访问 <ulink url="&lfs-root;search.html"/> 在邮件列表中进行搜索。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LFS book is not (and does not contain) a general tutorial to build a cross- (or native) toolchain. Don't use the commands in the book for a cross-toolchain for some purpose other than building LFS, unless you really understand what you are doing.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter05_libstdc__ — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Libstdc++ is the standard C++ library. It is needed to compile C++ code (part of GCC is written in C++), but we had to defer its installation when we built <xref linkend="ch-tools-gcc-pass1"/> because Libstdc++ depends on Glibc, which was not yet available in the target directory.
Libstdc++ 是 C++ 标准库。我们需要它才能编译 C++ 代码 (GCC 的一部分用 C++ 编写)。但在构建<xref linkend="ch-tools-gcc-pass1"/>时我们不得不暂缓安装它，因为它依赖于当时还没有安装到目标目录的 Glibc。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you are using multiple partitions for LFS (e.g., one for <filename class="directory">/</filename> and another for <filename class="directory">/home</filename>), mount them like this:
如果为 LFS 创建了多个分区 (例如一个作为 <filename class="directory">/</filename>，另一个作为 <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>)，那么它们都需要被挂载：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
During a normal boot of an LFS system, the kernel automatically mounts the <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system on the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory; the kernel creates device nodes on that virtual file system during the boot process, or when a device is first detected or accessed. The udev daemon may change the ownership or permissions of the device nodes created by the kernel, and create new device nodes or symlinks, to ease the work of distro maintainers and system administrators. (See <xref linkend='ch-config-udev-device-node-creation'/> for details.) If the host kernel supports &devtmpfs;, we can simply mount a &devtmpfs; at <filename class='directory'>$LFS/dev</filename> and rely on the kernel to populate it.
用设备文件填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录的推荐方法是挂载一个虚拟文件系统 (例如 <systemitem class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem>) 到 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>，然后在设备被发现或访问时动态地创建设备文件。这个工作通常由 Udev 在系统引导时完成。然而，我们的新系统还没有 Udev，也没有被引导过，因此必须手工挂载和填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>。这可以通过绑定挂载宿主系统的 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录就实现。绑定挂载是一种特殊挂载类型，它允许在另外的位置创建某个目录或挂载点的映像。运行以下命令进行绑定挂载：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The current system size is now about 3 GB, however the /tools directory is no longer needed. It uses about 1 GB of disk space. Delete it now:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_creatingdirs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{include,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/local/{bin,lib,sbin}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LFS editors have deliberately decided not to use a <filename class="directory">/usr/lib64</filename> directory. Several steps are taken to be sure the toolchain will not use it. If for any reason this directory appears (either because you made an error in following the instructions, or because you installed a binary package that created it after finishing LFS), it may break your system. You should always be sure this directory does not exist.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The SBU values and required disk space include test suite data for all applicable packages in <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>. SBU values have been calculated using four CPU cores (-j4) for all operations unless specified otherwise.
对于拥有可用的测试套件的软件包，<xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>中给出的 SBU 值和需要的磁盘空间包含了运行测试套件需要的时间和磁盘空间。SBU 值根据仅使用单个 CPU 核心 (-j1) 进行操作时测得的时间计算。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The compiler built in <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/> is still partially installed and not needed anymore. Remove it with:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_tcl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <application>Tcl</application> package contains the Tool Command Language, a robust general-purpose scripting language. The <application>Expect</application> package is written in <application>Tcl</application> (pronounced "tickle").
<application>Tcl</application> 软件包包含工具命令语言，它是一个可靠的通用脚本语言。<application>Except</application> 软件包是用 <application>Tcl</application> 语言编写的.
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The ELF loader's name is ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 on 64-bit systems and ld-linux.so.2 on 32-bit systems. The construct below selects the correct name for the current architecture, excluding anything ending with <quote>g</quote>, in case the commands below have already been run.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_aboutdebug — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Glibc and GCC files without debugging symbols: 16 MB (82% smaller)
没有调试符号的 Glibc 和 GCC 文件：16 MB
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source <ulink url="https://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/"/>
Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source <ulink url="http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/"/>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Many people do not agree with these requirements. The main purpose of the LSB is to ensure that proprietary software can be installed and run on a compliant system. Since LFS is source based, the user has complete control over what packages are desired; you may choose not to install some packages that are specified by the LSB.
许多人不认同 LSB 的要求。定义 LSB 的主要目的是保证专有软件能够在满足 LSB 的系统上正常运行。然而 LFS 是基于源代码的，用户拥有完全的控制权，有权选择不安装 LSB 要求的软件包。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_networkd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you will not use <command>systemd-networkd</command> for network configuration (for example, when the system is not connected to network, or you want to use another utility like NetworkManager for network configuration), disable a service to prevent an error message during boot:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_inputrc — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inputrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn &lt;roryo@roryo.dynup.net&gt;

# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off

# Enable 8-bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On

# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off

# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On

# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none

# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word

# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert

# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line

# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line

# End /etc/inputrc</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inputrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn &lt;roryo@roryo.dynup.net&gt;

# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off

# Enable 8bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On

# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off

# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On

# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none

# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word

# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert

# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line

# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line

# End /etc/inputrc</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
SysVinit (which will be referred to as <quote>init</quote> from now on) uses a run levels scheme. There are seven run levels, numbered 0 to 6. (Actually, there are more run levels, but the others are for special cases and are generally not used. See <filename>init(8)</filename> for more details.) Each one of the seven corresponds to actions the computer is supposed to perform when it starts up or shuts down. The default run level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the different run levels as they are implemented in LFS:
SysVinit (之后简称为<quote>init</quote>) 使用运行级别架构工作。有七个 (编号为 0 到 6) 运行级别 (实际上还有更多，但它们用于一些特殊情况，一般并不使用。参阅 <filename>init(8)</filename> 了解更多细节)，每个都对应于计算机在启动时应该进行的一组操作。默认运行级别是 3，下面是不同运行级别的描述：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_network — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The interface names depend on the implementation and configuration of the udev daemon running on the system. The udev daemon for LFS (installed in <xref linkend="ch-system-eudev"/>) will not run until the LFS system is booted. So the interface names in the LFS system cannot always be determined by running those commands on the host distro, <emphasis>even in the chroot environment</emphasis>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is a list of security vulnerabilities discovered in the LFS book after it's published.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Working in a basic LFS environment
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/> then enters a "chroot" environment, where we use the new tools to build all the rest of the tools needed to create the LFS system.
之后在<xref linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/>中，进入一个 "chroot" 环境，并使用之前构建的工具，再构建一些额外的工具，这些额外工具对于构建和测试最终的系统是必要的。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The version of the book being used (in this case &version;)
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Cross-compilation involves some concepts that deserve a section of their own. Although this section may be omitted on a first reading, coming back to it later will help you gain a fuller understanding of the process.
交叉编译涉及一些概念，值得专门用一节讨论。尽管您可以在初次阅读时跳过本节，但强烈建议您之后回头阅读本节，以完全掌握构建过程。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
These two chapters <emphasis>must</emphasis> be done as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>. A <command>su - lfs</command> command must be issued before performing any task in these chapters. If you don't do that, you are at risk of installing packages to the host, and potentially rendering it unusable.
这两章的步骤必须由用户 <emphasis>lfs</emphasis> 完成。在完成这些步骤时，必须先执行 <command>su - lfs</command> 命令。否则，您可能会将软件包安装到宿主系统上，这可能导致宿主系统无法使用。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<emphasis role="strong">Binutils-2.13.1</emphasis> (Versions greater than &binutils-version; are not recommended as they have not been tested)
<emphasis role="strong">Binutils-2.25</emphasis> (比 &binutils-version; 更新的版本未经测试，不推荐使用)
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> $LFS
mkdir -v $LFS/home
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> $LFS/home</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> $LFS
mkdir -v $LFS/usr
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> $LFS/usr</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
One way to ensure that the <envar>LFS</envar> variable is always set is to edit the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file in both your personal home directory and in <filename>/root/.bash_profile</filename> and enter the export command above. In addition, the shell specified in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file for all users that need the <envar>LFS</envar> variable must be bash to ensure that the <filename>/root/.bash_profile</filename> file is incorporated as a part of the login process.
确保 <envar>LFS</envar> 始终正确的一种方法是：编辑您的主目录中的 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>，以及<filename>/root/.bash_profile</filename>，为它们加入上述设置并导出 LFS 变量的 export 命令。还要确认 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 中为每个需要使用 <envar>LFS</envar> 变量的用户指定的 shell 都是 bash，以保证每次登录时都执行 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 中的命令。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_createfiles — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Historically, Linux maintained a list of the mounted file systems in the file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list internally and expose it to the user via the <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect to find <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following symbolic link:
历史上，Linux 在 <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> 维护已经挂载的文件系统的列表。现代内核在内部维护该列表，并通过 <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> 文件系统将它展示给用户。为了满足那些需要 <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> 的工具，执行以下命令，创建符号链接：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
But some host kernels lack &devtmpfs; support; these host distros use different methods to create the content of <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>. So the only host-agnostic way to populate the <filename class="directory">$LFS/dev</filename> directory is by bind mounting the host system's <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that makes a directory subtree or a file visible at some other location. Use the following command to do this.
用设备文件填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录的推荐方法是挂载一个虚拟文件系统 (例如 <systemitem class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem>) 到 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>，然后在设备被发现或访问时动态地创建设备文件。这个工作通常由 Udev 在系统引导时完成。然而，我们的新系统还没有 Udev，也没有被引导过，因此必须手工挂载和填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>。这可以通过绑定挂载宿主系统的 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录就实现。绑定挂载是一种特殊挂载类型，它允许在另外的位置创建某个目录或挂载点的映像。运行以下命令进行绑定挂载：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>rm -rf /tools</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_creatingdirs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but this is not desirable everywhere. In the commands above, two changes are made&mdash;one to the home directory of user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, and another to the directories for temporary files.
默认情况下，新创建的目录具有权限码 755，但这并不适合所有目录。在以上命令中，两个目录的访问权限被修改 —— 一个是 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> 的主目录，另一个是包含临时文件的目录。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cd /tmp
grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso
xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso</userinput>
<userinput>cd /tmp
grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso
xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_creat-comm — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<?dbfo label-width="1.5em"?>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
or by building with:
或者直接用以下命令构建：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&wheel-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
About Libraries
关于库
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr -depth -name $(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu\* | xargs rm -rf</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If any package of which the version is different from the version specified by the book (either following a security advisory or satisfying personal preference), it may be necessary to update the the library file name in <envar>save_usrlib</envar> or <envar>online_usrlib</envar>. <emphasis role='bold'>Failing to do so may render the system completely unusable.</emphasis>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&markupsafe-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&jinja2-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_aboutdebug — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Sizes will vary depending on which compiler and C library were used, but a program that has been stripped of debugging symbols is usually some 50% to 80% smaller than its unstripped counterpart. Because most users will never use a debugger on their system software, a lot of disk space can be regained by removing these symbols. The next section shows how to strip all debugging symbols from the programs and libraries.
由于大多数用户永远不会用调试器调试系统软件，可以通过移除它们的调试符号，回收大量磁盘空间。下一节展示如何从系统程序和库中移除所有调试符号。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This guide provides a good summary of the basic skills and techniques needed to build software from source code.
这份指南很好地总结了从源代码编译软件的基本技能和技巧。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_why — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package supplies programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code from a developer's template. It is often needed to rebuild a package after the build procedure has been updated.
这个软件包包含能根据软件开发者提供的模板，自动生成配置源代码的 shell 脚本的程序。如果修改了软件包的构建过程，一般需要该软件包的支持才能重新构建被修改的软件包。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are too many good reasons to build your own LFS system to list them all here. In the end, education is by far the most important reason. As you continue your LFS experience, you will discover the power that information and knowledge can bring.
此外，构建 LFS 系统还有很多好处，这里就不一一列举了。在所有原因中，最重要的是，在您编译和使用 LFS 的实践中，您将了解很多威力巨大的信息和知识。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
While it is possible to create a complete system that will pass the LSB certification tests "from scratch", this can't be done without many additional packages that are beyond the scope of the LFS book. Installation instructions for these additional packages can be found in BLFS.
创建一个能够通过 LSB 认证测试的完整 LFS 系统是可行的，但需要安装大量超过 LFS 范畴的额外软件包。在 BLFS 中可以找到这些软件包的安装说明。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_networkd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>systemctl disable systemd-networkd-wait-online</userinput>
<userinput>ln -s /dev/null /etc/systemd/network/99-default.link</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
0: halt the computer
1: single-user mode
2: reserved for customization, otherwise the same as 3
3: multi-user mode with networking
4: reserved for customization, otherwise the same as 3
5: same as 4, it is usually used for GUI login (like GNOME's <command>gdm</command> or LXDE's <command>lxdm</command>)
6: reboot the computer
0：停止系统运行
1：单用户模式
2：没有网络连接的多用户模式
3：有网络连接的多用户模式
4：保留用于自定义，如果没有自定义和 3 相同
5：和 4 相同，一般用于 GUI 登录 (如 X 的 <command>xdm</command>) 或 KDE 的 <command>kdm</command>
6：重启计算机
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_systemd-custom — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The boot messages can always be reviewed by using the <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> command as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user.
您总是可以用 root 身份运行 <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> 命令，查阅引导消息。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="https://seclists.org/oss-sec/">Open Source Security Mailing List</ulink>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When you initially boot into LFS, you have all the internal tools to build additional packages. Unfortunately, the user environment is quite sparse. There are a couple of ways to improve this:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_changelog — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
[xry111] - Apply a patch for GRUB for an issue triggered with e2fsprogs-1.47.0. Fixes <ulink url="&lfs-ticket-root;5219">#5219</ulink>.
[bdubbs] — 更新到 e2fsprogs-1.47.0。修复 <ulink url="&lfs-ticket-root;5214">#5213</ulink>。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Let us first define some terms used in this context.
首先我们定义讨论交叉编译时常用的术语：
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The procedures in <xref linkend='ch-tools-generalinstructions'/> are critical. If there is any doubt a package has been installed correctly, ensure the previously expanded tarball has been removed, then re-extract the package, and complete all the instructions in that section.
<xref linkend='ch-tools-generalinstructions'/>中的过程是关键的。如果在安装软件包时感觉不对劲，确认之前解压的源码包已经被删除，然后重新解压源码包的文件，重新执行该软件包对应章节的所有命令。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<emphasis role="strong">Bison-2.7</emphasis> (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or a small script that executes bison)
<emphasis role="strong">Bison-2.7</emphasis> (/usr/bin/yacc 必须是到 bison 的链接，或者是一个执行 bison 的小脚本)
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_creatingfilesystem — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
is the latest version of the ext family of file systems. It provides several new capabilities including nano-second timestamps, creation and use of very large files (up to 16 TB), and speed improvements.
是 ext 文件系统家族的最新成员，它具有纳秒精度时间戳、超大 (16 TB) 文件支持等新功能，速度也更快。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another consideration is the method that is used to log into the host system. If logging in through a graphical display manager, the user's <filename>.bash_profile</filename> is not normally used when a virtual terminal is started. In this case, add the export command to the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file for the user and <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. In addition, some distributions use an "if" test, and do not run the remaining <filename>.bashrc</filename> instructions for a non-interactive bash invocation. Be sure to place the export command ahead of the test for non-interactive use.
另外还要考虑登录宿主系统的方式，如果您使用图形显示管理器登录，再启动虚拟终端，那么 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 一般不会被虚拟终端执行。此时，应该将 export 命令加入到您使用的用户和 root 用户的 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件中。另外，如果以非交互模式启动 bash，有的发行版不会执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 中的指令。此时一定要在使用环境变量前添加 export 命令。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Backup
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_creatingdirs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory&mdash;just like a normal user would do with his or her own home directory. The second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called <quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.
第一个修改能保证不是所有人都能进入 <filename class="directory">/root</filename> —— 一般用户也可以为他/她的主目录设置同样的 0750 权限码。第二个修改保证任何用户都可写入 <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> 和 <filename class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> 目录，但不能从中删除其他用户的文件，因为所谓的 <quote>粘滞位</quote> (sticky bit)，即八进制权限码 1777 的最高位 (1) 阻止这样做。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_dependencies — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&runtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>set +h</command> command turns off <command>bash</command>'s hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature&mdash;<command>bash</command> uses a hash table to remember the full path to executable files to avoid searching the <envar>PATH</envar> time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are installed. Switching off the hash function forces the shell to search the <envar>PATH</envar> whenever a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> as soon as they are available without remembering a previous version of the same program provided by the host distro, in <filename class='directory'>/usr/bin</filename> or <filename class='directory'>/bin</filename>.
<command>set +h</command> 命令关闭 <command>bash</command> 的散列功能。一般情况下，散列是很有用的 —— <command>bash</command> 使用一个散列表维护各个可执行文件的完整路径，这样就不用每次都在 <envar>PATH</envar> 指定的目录中搜索可执行文件。然而，在构建 LFS 时，我们希望总是使用最新安装的工具。因此，需要关闭散列功能，使得 shell 在运行程序时总是搜索 <envar>PATH</envar>。这样，shell 总是能够找到 <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> 目录中那些最新编译的工具，而不是使用之前记忆的另一个目录中的程序。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&wheel-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In general, the LFS editors discourage building and installing static libraries. Most static libraries have been made obsolete in a modern Linux system. In addition, linking a static library into a program can be detrimental. If an update to the library is needed to remove a security problem, every program that uses the static library will need to be relinked with the new library. Since the use of static libraries is not always obvious, the relevant programs (and the procedures needed to do the linking) may not even be known.
一般来说，LFS 作者不推荐构建和安装静态库。它们是为了某些在现代 Linux 系统中早已过时的原因而存在的。另外，将静态库链接到程序中可能是有害的。如果需要更新这个库以解决安全问题，所有使用该静态库的程序都要重新链接到新版本的库。程序对静态库的使用并不总是显然的，甚至可能无法查明有哪些程序需要重新链接 (以及如何重新链接)。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Finally, remove the temporary 'tester' user account created at the beginning of the previous chapter.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>save_usrlib="$(cd /usr/lib; ls ld-linux*[^g])
libc.so.6
libthread_db.so.1
libquadmath.so.&libquadmath-version;
libstdc++.so.&libstdcpp-version;
libitm.so.&libitm-version;
libatomic.so.&libatomic-version;"

cd /usr/lib

for LIB in $save_usrlib; do
objcopy --only-keep-debug $LIB $LIB.dbg
cp $LIB /tmp/$LIB
strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB
objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg /tmp/$LIB
install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib
rm /tmp/$LIB
done

online_usrbin="bash find strip"
online_usrlib="libbfd-&binutils-version;.so
libsframe.so.0.0.0
libhistory.so.&readline-soversion;
libncursesw.so.&ncurses-version;
libm.so.6
libreadline.so.&readline-soversion;
libz.so.&zlib-version;
$(cd /usr/lib; find libnss*.so* -type f)"

for BIN in $online_usrbin; do
cp /usr/bin/$BIN /tmp/$BIN
strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$BIN
install -vm755 /tmp/$BIN /usr/bin
rm /tmp/$BIN
done

for LIB in $online_usrlib; do
cp /usr/lib/$LIB /tmp/$LIB
strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB
install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib
rm /tmp/$LIB
done

for i in $(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.so* ! -name \*dbg) \
$(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.a) \
$(find /usr/{bin,sbin,libexec} -type f); do
case "$online_usrbin $online_usrlib $save_usrlib" in
*$(basename $i)* )
;;
* ) strip --strip-unneeded $i
;;
esac
done

unset BIN LIB save_usrlib online_usrbin online_usrlib
</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&markupsafe-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&jinja2-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If the Linux kernel needs to be upgraded (for example, from 5.10.17 to 5.10.18 or 5.11.1), nothing else needs to be rebuilt. The system will keep working fine thanks to the well-defined interface between the kernel and userspace. Specifically, Linux API headers need not be (and should not be, see the next item) upgraded along with the kernel. You will merely need to reboot your system to use the upgraded kernel.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The main problem with the approach adopted by <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was the way it handled device detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is generally accepted that if device names are configurable, the device naming policy should be chosen by system administrators, and not imposed on them by the developer(s). The <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> file system also suffered from race conditions that were inherent in its design; these could not be fixed without a substantial revision of the kernel. <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was marked as deprecated for a long time, and was finally removed from the kernel in June, 2006.
<systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> 实现机制的主要问题是它处理设备的检测、创建和命名的方式，其中最致命的或许最后一项，即设备节点命名方式。通常认为，如果设备名称是可配置的，那么设备命名策略应该由系统管理员，而不是某个 (某些)特定开发者决定。<systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> 还受到其设计中固有的竞争条件的严重影响，在不对内核进行大量修改的前提下无法修复这一问题。由于缺乏维护，它早已被标记为过时特性，最终在 2006 年 6 月被从内核中移除。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Classically, run level 2 above was defined as "multi-user mode without networking", but this was only the case many years ago when multiple users could connect to a system via serial ports. In today's environment it makes no sense, and we now say it is "reserved".
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>bash /usr/lib/udev/init-net-rules.sh</userinput>
<userinput>bash /lib/udev/init-net-rules.sh</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is a mailing list for discussion of security flaws, concepts, and practices in the Open Source community.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Work from the LFS host in chroot
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/> the full-blown LFS system is built. Another advantage provided by the chroot environment is that it allows you to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package compilations to complete, you can continue using your computer as usual.
在<xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>中，我们将构建完整的 LFS 系统。使用 chroot 环境的另一项优势是，在构建 LFS 的过程中，您可以继续使用宿主系统。这样，在等待软件包编译的过程中，您可以继续正常使用计算机。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Diffutils-&diffutils-version;
Binutils-&binutils-version;
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Several members of the LFS community offer assistance via Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Before using this support, please make sure your question is not already answered in the LFS FAQ or the mailing list archives. You can find the IRC network at <systemitem class='domainname'>irc.libera.chat</systemitem>. The support channel is named #lfs-support.
LFS 社区的几个成员通过因特网中继聊天系统 (IRC) 提供支援。在使用这一渠道之前，首先保证您的问题并没有被 LFS FAQ 和邮件列表解决。您可以在 <uri>irc.freenode.net</uri> 找到 IRC 网络，支持频道的名字是 #LFS-support。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The build
build
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapters&nbsp;7&ndash;10
第 7&ndash;10 章
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Ensure that this new partition is not mounted with permissions that are too restrictive (such as the <option>nosuid</option> or <option>nodev</option> options). Run the <command>mount</command> command without any parameters to see what options are set for the mounted LFS partition. If <option>nosuid</option> and/or <option>nodev</option> are set, the partition must be remounted.
请确认在挂载新分区时没有使用过于严格的安全限制 (比如 <option>nosuid</option> 或者 <option>nodev</option> 等选项)。直接执行不带任何参数的 <command>mount</command> 命令，检查挂载好的 LFS 分区被指定了哪些选项。如果 <option>nodev</option> 或者 <option>nosuid</option> 被设置了，就必须重新挂载分区。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_creatingfilesystem — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Other file systems, including FAT32, NTFS, ReiserFS, JFS, and XFS are useful for specialized purposes. More information about these file systems, and many others, can be found at <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems"/>.
其他文件系统，包括 FAT32, NTFS, ReiserFS, JFS 和 XFS 在特定场合也很有用。关于这些文件系统的更多信息，可以在 <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems"/> 找到。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
At this point the essential programs and libraries have been created and your current LFS system is in a good state. Your system can now be backed up for later reuse. In case of fatal failures in the subsequent chapters, it often turns out that removing everything and starting over (more carefully) is the best way to recover. Unfortunately, all the temporary files will be removed, too. To avoid spending extra time to redo something which has been done successfully, creating a backup of the current LFS system may prove useful.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
GRUB uses its own naming structure for drives and partitions in the form of <emphasis>(hdn,m)</emphasis>, where <emphasis>n</emphasis> is the hard drive number and <emphasis>m</emphasis> is the partition number. The hard drive numbers start from zero, but the partition numbers start from one for normal partitions (from five for extended partitions). Note that this is different from earlier versions where both numbers started from zero. For example, partition <filename class="partition">sda1</filename> is <emphasis>(hd0,1)</emphasis> to GRUB and <filename class="partition">sdb3</filename> is <emphasis>(hd1,3)</emphasis>. In contrast to Linux, GRUB does not consider CD-ROM drives to be hard drives. For example, if using a CD on <filename class="partition">hdb</filename> and a second hard drive on <filename class="partition">hdc</filename>, that second hard drive would still be <emphasis>(hd1)</emphasis>.
GRUB 使用一种独特的命名结构，为驱动器和分区命名。分区名的形式为 <emphasis>(hdn,m)</emphasis>，这里 <emphasis>n</emphasis> 是硬盘驱动器编号，<emphasis>m</emphasis> 是分区编号。硬盘驱动器编号从 0 开始，但分区号对于主分区来说从 1 开始，而对于扩展分区来说从 5 开始。例如，分区 <filename class="partition">sda1</filename> 在 GRUB 中的名字是 <emphasis>(hd0, 1)</emphasis>，而 <filename class="partition">sda3</filename> 的名字是 <emphasis>(hd1, 3)</emphasis>。和 Linux 不同，GRUB 不认为 CD-ROM 驱动器属于硬盘驱动器。例如，如果在 <filename class="partition">hdb</filename> 上有一个 CD-ROM 驱动器，而 <filename class="partition">hdc</filename> 上有第二个硬盘驱动器，则第二个硬盘驱动器仍然名为 <emphasis>hd1</emphasis>。
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_dependencies — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Attr and Glibc
Acl 和 Libcap
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When multiple processors are used in this way, the SBU units in the book will vary even more than they normally would. In some cases, the make step will simply fail. Analyzing the output of the build process will also be more difficult because the lines from different processes will be interleaved. If you run into a problem with a build step, revert to a single processor build to properly analyze the error messages.
用这种方式使用多个处理器时，SBU 值将会发生变化，有时甚至变得比正常值还大。某些情况下，还会导致 make 命令失败。另外，分析构建过程的的输出也会变得困难，因为不同进程的输出行会交错在一起。如果在构建过程中出现问题，需要使用单处理器进行构建，才能更好地分析错误消息。