Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_chapter02 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 2
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_acknowledgments — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Appendix B
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Cleaning up and Saving the Temporary System
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_chapter07 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 7
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter10_chapter10 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 10
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_dependencies — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Appendix C
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_udev-rules — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Appendix E
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_license — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Appendix E
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_acronymlist — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Appendix A
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_scripts — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Appendix D
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_chapter04 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 4
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&wheel-url;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Cleaning Up
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Stripping
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&markupsafe-url;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&jinja2-url;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_chapter08 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 8
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_errata — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Errata and Security Advisories
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_chapter09 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 9
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter06_gcc-pass2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
gcc-pass2
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter06_chapter06 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 6
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Additional Resources
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_chapter11 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 11
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Getting Started After LFS
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter05_gcc-pass1 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
gcc-pass1
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter05_chapter05 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 5
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter03_chapter03 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 3
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_chapter01 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter 1
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Hardware
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_creatingfilesystem — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A partition is just a range of sectors on a disk drive, delimited by boundaries set in a partition table. Before the operating system can use a partition to store any files, the partition must be formatted to contain a file system, typically consisting of a label, directory blocks, data blocks, and an indexing scheme to locate a particular file on demand. The file system also helps the OS keep track of free space on the partition, reserve the needed sectors when a new file is created or an existing file is extended, and recycle the free data segments created when files are deleted. It may also provide support for data redundancy, and for error recovery.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Cleaning
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<productname>wheel</productname> <productnumber>&wheel-version;</productnumber> <placeholder type="address" id="0"/>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Finally, clean up some extra files left over from running tests:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This section is optional. If the intended user is not a programmer and does not plan to do any debugging of the system software, the system's size can be decreased by some 2 GB by removing the debugging symbols, and some unnecessary symbol table entries, from binaries and libraries. This causes no real inconvenience for a typical Linux user.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<productname>markupsafe</productname> <productnumber>&markupsafe-version;</productnumber> <placeholder type="address" id="0"/>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<productname>jinja2</productname> <productnumber>&jinja2-version;</productnumber> <placeholder type="address" id="0"/>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_reboot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Now that all of the software has been installed, it is time to reboot your computer. However, there are still a few things to check. Here are some suggestions:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Deciding what to do next
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter03_packages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Read the <ulink url='&secadv;'>security advisories</ulink> before downloading packages to figure out if a newer version of any package should be used to avoid security vulnerabilities.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In the 11.3 release, <parameter>--enable-default-pie</parameter> and <parameter>--enable-default-ssp</parameter> are enabled for GCC. These techniques can mitigate some malicious attacks, but they do not provide perfect security. Note that some textbooks assume these options are disabled, so that if you run examples from such a textbook on an LFS system, you may need to disable PIE and SSP with the GCC options <parameter>-fno-pie -no-pie -fno-stack-protection</parameter>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_generalinstructions — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Here are some things you should know about building each package:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LFS editors recommend that the system CPU have at least four cores and that the system have at least 8 GB of memory. Older systems that do not meet these requirements will still work, but the time to build packages will be significantly longer than documented.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Strictly speaking, one cannot "mount a partition". One mounts the <emphasis>file system</emphasis> embedded in that partition. But since a single partition can't contain more than one file system, people often speak of the partition and the associated file system as if they were one and the same.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
First, remove the currently installed documentation files to prevent them from ending up in the final system, and to save about 35 MB:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_acronymlist — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<?dbfo list-presentation="list"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Wheel-&wheel-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>rm -rf /tmp/*</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Most people who use the commands mentioned below do not experience any difficulties. However, it is easy to make a mistake and render the new system unusable. So before running the <command>strip</command> commands, it is a good idea to make a backup of the LFS system in its current state.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe-&markupsafe-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2-&jinja2-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/prologue_errata — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In addition, the Linux From Scratch editors maintain a list of security vulnerabilities discovered <emphasis>after</emphasis> a book has been released. To read the list, please visit <ulink url="&secadv;"/> before proceeding with your build. You should apply the changes suggested by the advisories to the relevant sections of the book as you build the LFS system. And, if you will use the LFS system as a real desktop or server system, you should continue to consult the advisories and fix any security vulnerabilities, even when the LFS system has been completely constructed.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_reboot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install any <ulink url='&blfs-book;postlfs/firmware.html'>firmware</ulink> needed if the kernel driver for your hardware requires some firmware files to function properly.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Now that LFS is complete and you have a bootable system, what do you do? The next step is to decide how to use it. Generally, there are two broad categories to consider: workstation or server. Indeed, these categories are not mutually exclusive. The applications needed for each category can be combined onto a single system, but let's look at them separately for now.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter03_packages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The upstream sources may remove old releases, especially when those releases contain a security vulnerability. If one URL below is not reachable, you should read the security advisories first to figure out if a newer version (with the vulnerability fixed) should be used. If not, try to download the removed package from a mirror. Although it's possible to download an old release from a mirror even if this release has been removed because of a vulnerability, it's not a good idea to use a release known to be vulnerable when building your system.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter03_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For some packages, the release tarball and the (Git or SVN) repository snapshot tarball for that release may be published with similar file names. A release tarball contains generated files (for example, a <command>configure</command> script generated by <command>autoconf</command>), in addition to the contents of the corresponding repository snapshot. The book uses release tarballs whenever possible. Using a repository snapshot instead of a release tarball specified by the book will cause problems.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Software
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>rm -rf /usr/share/{info,man,doc}/*</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If your system has UEFI support and you wish to boot LFS with UEFI, you should skip this page, and configure GRUB with UEFI support using the instructions provided in <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/grub-setup.html">the BLFS page</ulink>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
wheel
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are also several files in the /usr/lib and /usr/libexec directories with a file name extension of .la. These are "libtool archive" files. On a modern Linux system the libtool .la files are only useful for libltdl. No libraries in LFS are expected to be loaded by libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can break BLFS package builds. Remove those files now:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A <command>strip</command> command with the <parameter>--strip-unneeded</parameter> option removes all debug symbols from a binary or library. It also removes all symbol table entries not needed by the linker (for static libraries) or dynamic linker (for dynamically linked binaries and shared libraries).
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A server is the simpler category. Generally this consists of a web server such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/apache.html">Apache HTTP Server</ulink> and a database server such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/mariadb.html">MariaDB</ulink>. However other services are possible. The operating system embedded in a single use device falls into this category.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Second, on a modern Linux system, the libtool .la files are only useful for libltdl. No libraries in LFS are loaded by libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can cause BLFS package failures. Remove those files now:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Wheel is a Python library that is the reference implementation of the Python wheel packaging standard.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, we keep the optimizations enabled by the default configuration of the packages. In addition, we sometimes explicitly enable an optimized configuration provided by a package but not enabled by default. The package maintainers have already tested these configurations and consider them safe, so it's not likely they would break the build. Generally the default configuration already enables <option>-O2</option> or <option>-O3</option>, so the resulting system will still run very fast without any customized optimization, and be stable at the same time.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The debugging symbols from selected libraries are preserved in separate files. That debugging information is needed to run regression tests with <ulink url='&blfs-book;/general/valgrind.html'>valgrind</ulink> or <ulink url='&blfs-book;/general/gdb.html'>gdb</ulink> later, in BLFS.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe is a Python module that implements an XML/HTML/XHTML Markup safe string.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2 is a Python module that implements a simple pythonic template language.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_profile — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For more information, see the <emphasis>Bash Startup Files</emphasis> and <emphasis>Interactive Shells</emphasis> sections in the <emphasis>Bash Features</emphasis> chapter of the Bash info pages (<command>info bash</command>).
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_libffi — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface. An FFI allows a program written in one language to call a program written in another language. Specifically, Libffi can provide a bridge between an interpreter like Perl, or Python, and shared library subroutines written in C, or C++.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For more information about libtool archive files, see the <ulink url="&blfs-book;introduction/la-files.html">BLFS section "About Libtool Archive (.la) files"</ulink>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Note that <command>strip</command> will overwrite the binary or library file it is processing. This can crash the processes using code or data from the file. If the process running <command>strip</command> is affected, the binary or library being stripped can be destroyed; this can make the system completely unusable. To avoid this problem we copy some libraries and binaries into <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>, strip them there, then reinstall them with the <command>install</command> command. (The related entry in <xref linkend="pkgmgmt-upgrade-issues"/> gives the rationale for using the <command>install</command> command here.)
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There is an alternative boot procedure called <command>systemd</command>. We will not discuss that boot process any further here. For a detailed description visit <ulink url="https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/understanding-and-using-systemd/"/>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/advisories/">LFS Security Advisories</ulink>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In addition to the above, there is a set of applications for system management for all kinds of systems. These applications are all in the BLFS book. Not all packages are needed in every environments. For example <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/dhcpcd.html">dhcpcd</ulink>, is not normally appropriate for a server and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wireless_tools.html">wireless_tools</ulink>, are normally only useful for a laptop system.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LFS book is not (and does not contain) a general tutorial to build a cross- (or native) toolchain. Don't use the commands in the book for a cross-toolchain for some purpose other than building LFS, unless you really understand what you are doing.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The current system size is now about 3 GB, however the /tools directory is no longer needed. It uses about 1 GB of disk space. Delete it now:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LFS editors have deliberately decided not to use a <filename class="directory">/usr/lib64</filename> directory. Several steps are taken to be sure the toolchain will not use it. If for any reason this directory appears (either because you made an error in following the instructions, or because you installed a binary package that created it after finishing LFS), it may break your system. You should always be sure this directory does not exist.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The compiler built in <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/> is still partially installed and not needed anymore. Remove it with:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The ELF loader's name is ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 on 64-bit systems and ld-linux.so.2 on 32-bit systems. The construct below selects the correct name for the current architecture, excluding anything ending with <quote>g</quote>, in case the commands below have already been run.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_networkd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you will not use <command>systemd-networkd</command> for network configuration (for example, when the system is not connected to network, or you want to use another utility like NetworkManager for network configuration), disable a service to prevent an error message during boot:
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter09_network — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The interface names depend on the implementation and configuration of the udev daemon running on the system. The udev daemon for LFS (installed in <xref linkend="ch-system-eudev"/>) will not run until the LFS system is booted. So the interface names in the LFS system cannot always be determined by running those commands on the host distro, <emphasis>even in the chroot environment</emphasis>.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is a list of security vulnerabilities discovered in the LFS book after it's published.
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Working in a basic LFS environment
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The version of the book being used (in this case &version;)
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>rm -rf /tools</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/appendices_creat-comm — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<?dbfo label-width="1.5em"?>
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&wheel-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr -depth -name $(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu\* | xargs rm -rf</userinput>