Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The virtual file systems must be mounted. This can be done before or after entering chroot by changing to a host virtual terminal and, as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, running the commands in <xref linkend='ch-tools-bindmount'/> and <xref linkend='ch-tools-kernfsmount'/>.
虚拟文件系统必须挂载好。在进入 chroot 环境之前，请切换到一个宿主系统的虚拟终端，以 root 身份执行<xref linkend='ch-tools-bindmount'/>和<xref linkend='ch-tools-kernfsmount'/>中的命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you have decided to make a backup, leave the chroot environment:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the mount options for devpts:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_perl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the Configure options:
新出现的配置选项的含义：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The location of the boot partition is a choice of the user that affects the configuration. One recommendation is to have a separate small (suggested size is 200 MB) partition just for boot information. That way each build, whether LFS or some commercial distro, can access the same boot files and access can be made from any booted system. If you choose to do this, you will need to mount the separate partition, move all files in the current <filename class="directory">/boot</filename> directory (e.g. the Linux kernel you just built in the previous section) to the new partition. You will then need to unmount the partition and remount it as <filename class="directory">/boot</filename>. If you do this, be sure to update <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.
引导分区的位置由负责进行配置的用户自己决定，作者推荐创建一个小的 (建议大小为 200 MB) 分区，专门存放引导信息。这样，不同的 Linux 系统 (无论是 LFS 还是商业发行版) 在启动时和启动后都能访问相同的引导文件。如果您选择这样做，您需要挂载这个单独的分区，将 <filename class="directory">/boot</filename> 中已有的文件 (例如上一节中构建的内核) 移动到新的分区中。之后，解除该分区的挂载，并将它挂载为 <filename class="directory">/boot</filename>。另外，还要注意更新 <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_kernel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For general information on kernel configuration see <ulink url="&hints-root;kernel-configuration.txt"/>. Additional information about configuring and building the kernel can be found at <ulink url="&anduin-sources;/kernel-nutshell/"/>. These references are a bit dated, but still give a reasonable overview of the process.
阅读 <ulink url="&hints-root;kernel-configuration.txt"/> 了解关于内核配置的一般信息。BLFS 包含一些关于 LFS 之外的软件包需要的特定内核配置的信息，位于<ulink url="&blfs-book;longindex.html#kernel-config-index"/> 。另外在 <ulink url="http://www.kroah.com/lkn/"/> 也有一些关于配置和构建内核的信息。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install Wheel with the following command:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_gmp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The default settings of GMP produce libraries optimized for the host processor. If libraries suitable for processors less capable than the host's CPU are desired, generic libraries can be created by appending the <option>--host=none-linux-gnu</option> option to the <command>configure</command> command.
GMP 的默认设定会生成为本机处理器优化的库。如果您希望获得适合功能没有本机强大的 CPU 的库，执行以下命令，以生成通用库：<placeholder type="screen" id="0"/>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libffi — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Prepare Libffi for compilation:
准备编译 libffi：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_zstd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In the test output there are several places that indicate 'failed'. These are expected and only 'FAIL' is an actual test failure. There should be no test failures.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">sed -i -e 's/GROUP="render"/GROUP="video"/' \
-e 's/GROUP="sgx", //' rules.d/50-udev-default.rules.in</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap='pre'>unset {C,CPP,CXX,LD}FLAGS</userinput>
<userinput remap="make">make</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_expect — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This command should output <computeroutput>ok</computeroutput>. If, instead, the output includes <computeroutput>OSError: out of pty devices</computeroutput>, then the environment is not set up for proper PTY operation. You need to exit from the chroot environment, read <xref linkend='ch-tools-kernfs'/> again, and ensure the <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file system (and other virtual kernel file systems) mounted correctly. Then reenter the chroot environment following <xref linkend='ch-tools-chroot'/>. This issue needs to be resolved before continuing, or the test suites requiring Expect (for example the test suites of Bash, Binutils, GCC, GDBM, and of course Expect itself) will fail catastrophically, and other subtle breakages may also happen.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_tcl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package and the next two (Expect and DejaGNU) are installed to support running the test suites for Binutils, GCC and other packages. Installing three packages for testing purposes may seem excessive, but it is very reassuring, if not essential, to know that the most important tools are working properly.
为了支持 GCC 和 Binutils 等软件包测试套件的运行，需要安装这个软件包和接下来的两个 (Expect 与 DejaGNU)。为了测试目的安装三个软件包看似浪费，但是只有运行了测试，才能放心地确定多数重要工具可以正常工作，即使测试不是必要的。我们必须安装这些软件包，才能执行本章中的测试套件。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_perl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
To have full control over the way Perl is set up, you can remove the <quote>-des</quote> options from the following command and hand-pick the way this package is built. Alternatively, use the command exactly as shown below to use the defaults that Perl auto-detects:
为了能够完全控制 Perl 的设置，您可以在以下命令中移除 <quote>-des</quote> 选项，并手动选择构建该软件包的方式。或者，直接使用下面的命令，以使用 Perl 自动检测的默认值：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_readline — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Now fix a problem identified upstream:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Compile the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_coreutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Many bugs have been found in this patch. When reporting new bugs to the Coreutils maintainers, please check first to see if those bugs are reproducible without this patch.
在之前，这个补丁中找出了许多 bug。在向 Coreutils 维护者报告新 bug 前，请检查它们在不使用该补丁的情况下是否还会重现。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package does not come with a test suite.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_ninja — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Using the <emphasis>optional</emphasis> procedure below allows a user to limit the number of parallel processes via an environment variable, NINJAJOBS. <emphasis role="bold">For example</emphasis>, setting: <placeholder type="screen" id="0"/> will limit <command>ninja</command> to four parallel processes.
应用下面这个<emphasis>可选的</emphasis>修改，用户即可通过一个环境变量 NINJAJOBS 限制并行进程数量。<command>例如</command>设置：<placeholder type="screen" id="0"/>会限制 ninja 使用 4 个并行进程。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_e2fsprogs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Prepare E2fsprogs for compilation:
准备编译 E2fsprogs：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the new configure options:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_meson — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The test suite requires some packages outside the scope of LFS.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_procps — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-&procps-ng-version; \
--disable-static \
--disable-kill \
--with-systemd</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--exec-prefix= \
--libdir=/usr/lib \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-&procps-ng-version; \
--disable-static \
--disable-kill \
--with-systemd</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_man-db — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-&man-db-version; \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--disable-setuid \
--enable-cache-owner=bin \
--with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx \
--with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \
--with-grap=/usr/bin/grap \
--with-systemdtmpfilesdir= \
--with-systemdsystemunitdir=</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-&man-db-version; \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--disable-setuid \
--enable-cache-owner=bin \
--with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx \
--with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \
--with-grap=/usr/bin/grap \
--with-systemdtmpfilesdir= \
--with-systemdsystemunitdir=</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_systemd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Now fix a security vulnerability in the DNSSEC verification of <command>systemd-resolved</command> and a bug breaking running <command>systemd-analyze verify</command> on an instantiated systemd unit:
为 <command>systemd-resolved</command> 注册 DNS 服务器和域设置
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If a package containing a shared library is updated, and the name of the library doesn't change, but the version number of the library <emphasis role="bold">file</emphasis> decreases (for example, the library is still named <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1</filename>, but the name of the library file is changed from <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.25</filename> to <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.24</filename>), you should remove the library file from the previously installed version (<filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.25</filename> in this case). Otherwise, a <command>ldconfig</command> command (invoked by yourself from the command line, or by the installation of some package) will reset the symlink <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1</filename> to point to the old library file because it seems to be a <quote>newer</quote> version; its version number is larger. This situation may arise if you have to downgrade a package, or if the authors change the versioning scheme for library files.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libelf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-debuginfod \
--enable-libdebuginfod=dummy</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-debuginfod --libdir=/lib</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Serial processing of boot tasks. This is related to the previous point. A delay in any process, such as a file system check, will delay the entire boot process.
串行执行引导任务，这与前一项缺点相关。引导过程中的延迟 (如文件系统检查) 会拖延整个引导过程。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem was mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> knows about the devices present on a system and what device numbers should be used for them. Drivers that have been compiled into the kernel register their objects in <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> (devtmpfs internally) as they are detected by the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules, registration happens when the module is loaded. Once the <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem is mounted (on <filename class="directory">/sys</filename>), data which the drivers have registered with <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> are available to userspace processes and to udevd for processing (including modifications to device nodes).
前面已经简要提到了 <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> 文件系统。有些读者可能好奇，<systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> 是如何知道系统中存在哪些设备，以及应该为它们使用什么设备号的。答案是，那些编译到内核中的驱动程序在它们的对象被内核检测到时，直接将它们注册到 <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> (内部的 devtmpfs)。对于那些被编译为模块的驱动程序，注册过程在模块加载时进行。只要 <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> 文件系统被挂载好 (位于 /sys)，用户空间程序即可使用驱动程序注册在 <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> 中的数据，Udev 就能够使用这些数据对设备进行处理 (包括修改设备节点)。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_locale — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Charmaps can have a number of aliases, e.g., <literal>ISO-8859-1</literal> is also referred to as <literal>iso8859-1</literal> and <literal>iso88591</literal>. Some applications cannot handle the various synonyms correctly (e.g., require that <literal>UTF-8</literal> is written as <literal>UTF-8</literal>, not <literal>utf8</literal>), so it is the safest in most cases to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To determine the canonical name, run the following command, where <replaceable>&lt;locale name&gt;</replaceable> is the output given by <command>locale -a</command> for your preferred locale (<literal>en_GB.iso88591</literal> in our example).
字符映射可能有多个别名，例如<quote>ISO-8859-1</quote>也可以称为<quote>iso8859-1</quote>或者<quote>iso88591</quote>。某些程序不能正确处理一些别名 (例如，<quote>UTF-8</quote>必须写作<quote>UTF-8</quote>才能识别，而不能识别<quote>utf8</quote>)，因此在多数情况下，为了保险起见，最好使用 locale 的规范名称。为了确定规范名称，执行以下命令，将 <replaceable>&lt;locale 名&gt;</replaceable> 替换成 <command>locale -a</command> 对于您希望的 locale 的输出 (以<quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote>为例)。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The file begins with a comment block, followed by two lines for each NIC. The first line for each NIC is a commented description showing its hardware IDs (e.g. its PCI vendor and device IDs, if it's a PCI card), along with its driver (in parentheses, if the driver can be found). Neither the hardware ID nor the driver is used to determine which name to give an interface; this information is only for reference. The second line is the udev rule that matches this NIC and actually assigns it a name.
该文件的开头是一个注释块，之后对于每个网络接口设备 (NIC) 都给出两行。第一行是注释，给出该 NIC 的硬件 ID (例如对于 PCI 设备，就是 PCI 生产商 ID 和设备 ID)，如果能找到驱动程序的话，也会在括号中给出。它们并不被用于确定该设备的命名，仅供您在编写规则时进行参考。第二行是匹配该 NIC 的 udev 规则，和实际赋予它的设备名。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_file — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the new configure option:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Note that the last three commands in the script are commented out. These are useful if those directories are mounted as separate partitions on the host system and will be mounted when booting the completed LFS/BLFS system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_theend — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Be sure to customize the fields 'DISTRIB_CODENAME' and 'VERSION_CODENAME' to make the system uniquely yours.
您可以修改 'DISTRIB_CODENAME' 域，体现您的系统的独特性。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter05_glibc — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The above command is correct. The <command>ln</command> command has several syntactic versions, so be sure to check <command>info coreutils ln</command> and <ulink role='man' url='&man;ln.1'>ln(1)</ulink> before reporting what may appear to be an error.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter05_gcc-pass1 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are frequent misunderstandings about this chapter. The procedures are the same as every other chapter, as explained earlier (<xref linkend='buildinstr'/>). First, extract the gcc-&gcc-version; tarball from the sources directory, and then change to the directory created. Only then should you proceed with the instructions below.
对于本章内容有一些很常见的误解。该软件包的构建过程就像之前 (<xref linkend='buildinstr'/>) 解释的那样，首先解压 GCC 压缩包，切换到解压出的目录中，再执行下面的命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter05_libstdc__ — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Create a separate build directory for Libstdc++ and enter it:
为 Libstdc++ 创建一个单独的构建目录，并进入它：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The exact error message, or a clear description of the problem
程序输出的原始错误消息，或者出现的症状
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The target
target
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>exit</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_createfiles — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/usr/bin/false
uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
nobody:x:65534:65534:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>gid=5</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<emphasis role="strong">GCC-5.2</emphasis> including the C++ compiler, <command>g++</command> (Versions greater than &gcc-version; are not recommended as they have not been tested). C and C++ standard libraries (with headers) must also be present so the C++ compiler can build hosted programs
<emphasis role="strong">GCC-6.2</emphasis> 包括 C++ 编译器, <command>g++</command> (比 &gcc-version; 更新的版本未经测试，不推荐使用)
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Leaving <filename class="directory">/boot</filename> on the current LFS partition will also work, but configuration for multiple systems is more difficult.
直接使用 LFS 分区也是可以的，但这样在配置多系统启动时比较麻烦。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_kernel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If all else fails, you can ask for help on the <ulink url="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html">lfs-support</ulink> mailing list. Note that subscribing is required in order for the list to avoid spam.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_addinguser — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is the name of the new user.
要创建的用户的名称。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --find-links=dist wheel</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libffi — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--with-gcc-arch=native</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static --with-gcc-arch=native</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_kmod — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--with-openssl</parameter>
<parameter>--with-rootlibdir=/lib</parameter>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_zstd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
To test the results, issue:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_util-linux — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --bindir=/usr/bin \
--libdir=/usr/lib \
--runstatedir=/run \
--sbindir=/usr/sbin \
--disable-chfn-chsh \
--disable-login \
--disable-nologin \
--disable-su \
--disable-setpriv \
--disable-runuser \
--disable-pylibmount \
--disable-static \
--without-python \
--without-systemd \
--without-systemdsystemunitdir \
ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-&util-linux-version;</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-&util-linux-version; \
--disable-chfn-chsh \
--disable-login \
--disable-nologin \
--disable-su \
--disable-setpriv \
--disable-runuser \
--disable-pylibmount \
--disable-static \
--without-python \
--without-systemd \
--without-systemdsystemunitdir</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_bc — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>CC=gcc</parameter>
<parameter>-G</parameter>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_man-pages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">make prefix=/usr install</userinput>
<userinput remap="install">make install</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Remove one udev rule requiring a full Systemd installation:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Don't try <quote>tuning</quote> this package with custom compilation flags. This package is a bootloader. The low-level operations in the source code may be broken by aggressive optimization.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_iproute2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="make">make NETNS_RUN_DIR=/run/netns</userinput>
<userinput remap="make">make</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_readline — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">patch -Np1 -i ../&readline-fixes-patch;</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="make">make</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_coreutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Fix a security vulnerability in the <command>split</command> utility:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_bash — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--without-bash-malloc \
--with-installed-readline \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/bash-&bash-version;</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/bash-&bash-version; \
--without-bash-malloc \
--with-installed-readline</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_dbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--runstatedir=/run</parameter> and <parameter>--with-system-socket=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist Jinja2</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_ninja — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If desired, make <command>ninja</command> recognize the environment variable NINJAJOBS by running the stream editor:
如果您希望 Ninja 能够使用环境变量 NINJAJOBS，执行以下命令，添加这一功能：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_e2fsprogs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">../configure --prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--enable-elf-shlibs \
--disable-libblkid \
--disable-libuuid \
--disable-uuidd \
--disable-fsck</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">../configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--with-root-prefix="" \
--enable-elf-shlibs \
--disable-libblkid \
--disable-libuuid \
--disable-uuidd \
--disable-fsck</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--enable-hashes=strong,glibc</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_ncurses — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--with-shared</parameter>
<parameter>--without-normal</parameter>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_binutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">../configure --prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--enable-gold \
--enable-ld=default \
--enable-plugins \
--enable-shared \
--disable-werror \
--enable-64-bit-bfd \
--with-system-zlib \
--enable-default-hash-style=gnu</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">../configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-gold \
--enable-ld=default \
--enable-plugins \
--enable-shared \
--disable-werror \
--enable-64-bit-bfd \
--with-system-zlib</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_dejagnu — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">../configure --prefix=/usr
makeinfo --html --no-split -o doc/dejagnu.html ../doc/dejagnu.texi
makeinfo --plaintext -o doc/dejagnu.txt ../doc/dejagnu.texi</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr
makeinfo --html --no-split -o doc/dejagnu.html doc/dejagnu.texi
makeinfo --plaintext -o doc/dejagnu.txt doc/dejagnu.texi</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist setuptools</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist flit_core</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_systemd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap='pre'>patch -Np1 -i ../&systemd-upstream-patch;</userinput>
<userinput remap="pre">tar -xf ../systemd-man-pages-&systemd-version;.tar.xz</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If a package containing a shared library is updated, and the name of the library doesn't change, but a severe issue (especially, a security vulnerability) is fixed, all running programs linked to the shared library should be restarted. The following command, run as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> after the update is complete, will list which processes are using the old versions of those libraries (replace <replaceable>libfoo</replaceable> with the name of the library):
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_grep — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_shadow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Instead of using the default <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the much more secure <emphasis>YESCRYPT</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. And, remove <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> and <filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> from the <envar>PATH</envar>, since they are simply symlinks to their counterparts in <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>.
不使用默认的 <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> 加密方法，使用更安全的 <emphasis>SHA-512</emphasis> 方法加密密码，该方法也允许长度超过 8 个字符的密码。另外，还需要把过时的用户邮箱位置 <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> 改为当前普遍使用的 <filename class="directory">/var/mail</filename> 目录：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_groff — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Build the package:
安装该软件包：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libcap — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="make">make prefix=/usr lib=lib</userinput>
<userinput remap="make">make lib=lib</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_why — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package provides an arbitrary precision numeric processing language. It satisfies a requirement for building the Linux kernel.
这个软件包提供了一个任意精度数值处理语言。在编译 Linux 内核时需要该软件包。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Does not directly support advanced features like control groups (cgroups) and per-user fair share scheduling.
不支持控制组 (cgroups)、每用户公平共享调度等高级特性。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
During kernel initialization, the first program that is run (if not overridden on the command line) is <command>init</command>. This program reads the initialization file <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Create this file with:
在内核初始化过程中，如果内核命令行中指定了程序，则会首先运行它，否则默认首先运行 <command>init</command>。这个程序读取初始化文件 <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>。执行以下命令创建该文件：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
All udev rules are made up of several keywords, separated by commas and optional whitespace. Here are the keywords, and an explanation of each one:
所有 udev 规则包含若干键值，用逗号和可选的空格进行分隔。下面给出规则中包含的键值和对它们的解释：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_gawk — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(build-aux/config.guess)</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(./config.guess)</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_file — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--disable-*</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The script can be run with <command>bash ~/mount-virt.sh</command> as either a regular user (recommended) or as &root;. If run as a regular user, sudo is required on the host system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter05_glibc — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Some of the Glibc programs use the non-FHS-compliant <filename class="directory">/var/db</filename> directory to store their runtime data. Apply the following patch to make such programs store their runtime data in the FHS-compliant locations:
一些 Glibc 程序使用与 FHS 不兼容的 <filename class="directory">/var/db</filename> 目录存放它们的运行时数据。下面应用一个补丁，使得这些程序在 FHS 兼容的位置存放运行时数据：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter03_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
To download all of the packages and patches by using <ulink url="../&wget-list;">&wget-list;</ulink> as an input to the <command>wget</command> command, use:
如果要使用 <ulink url="../wget-list">wget-list</ulink> 作为 <command>wget</command> 命令的输入，以下载所有软件包和补丁，使用命令：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_generalinstructions — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<command>/usr/bin/yacc</command> is a symbolic link to <command>bison</command>, or to a small script that executes bison.
<command>/usr/bin/yacc</command> 是指向 <command>bison</command> 的符号链接，或者一个执行 bison 的小脚本。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
is only used for compilers. It is the machine the compiler produces code for. It may be different from both the build and the host.
只有编译器使用这个术语。编译器为这台机器产生代码。它可能和 build 与 host 都不同。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
All of the following instructions are executed by <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> on your host system. Take extra care about the commands you're going to run as mistakes made here can modify your host system. Be aware that the environment variable <envar>LFS</envar> is set for user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> by default but may <emphasis>not</emphasis> be set for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_createfiles — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/usr/bin/false
systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/usr/bin/false
systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/bin/false
uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
systemd-oom:x:81:81:systemd Out Of Memory Daemon:/:/usr/bin/false
nobody:x:65534:65534:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false
systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false
systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false
systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false
systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false
systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_creatingpartition — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Swapping is never good. For mechanical hard drives you can generally tell if a system is swapping by just listening to disk activity and observing how the system reacts to commands. With an SSD you will not be able to hear swapping, but you can tell how much swap space is being used by running the <command>top</command> or <command>free</command> programs. Use of an SSD for a swap partition should be avoided if possible. The first reaction to swapping should be to check for an unreasonable command such as trying to edit a five gigabyte file. If swapping becomes a normal occurrence, the best solution is to purchase more RAM for your system.
交换到磁盘从来就不是一件好事。对于机械硬盘，通过听硬盘的工作噪声，同时观察系统的响应速度，就能说出系统是否在交换。对于 SSD，您无法听到工作噪声，但可以使用<command>top</command> 或 <command>free</command> 程序查看使用了多少交换空间。应该尽量避免使用 SSD 设备作为交换分区。一旦发生交换，首先检查是否输入了不合理的命令，例如试图编辑一个 5GB 的文件。如果交换时常发生，最好的办法是为你的系统添置内存。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_util-linux — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --libdir=/usr/lib \
--runstatedir=/run \
--disable-chfn-chsh \
--disable-login \
--disable-nologin \
--disable-su \
--disable-setpriv \
--disable-runuser \
--disable-pylibmount \
--disable-static \
--without-python \
ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-&util-linux-version;</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-&util-linux-version; \
--disable-chfn-chsh \
--disable-login \
--disable-nologin \
--disable-su \
--disable-setpriv \
--disable-runuser \
--disable-pylibmount \
--disable-static \
--without-python</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This ensures that all devpts-created device nodes are owned by group ID 5. This is the ID we will use later on for the <systemitem class="groupname">tty</systemitem> group. We use the group ID instead of a name, since the host system might use a different ID for its <systemitem class="groupname">tty</systemitem> group.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <envar>LC_ALL</envar> variable controls the localization of certain programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified country. Setting <envar>LC_ALL</envar> to <quote>POSIX</quote> or <quote>C</quote> (the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will work as expected in the cross-compilation environment.
<envar>LC_ALL</envar> 环境变量控制某些程序的本地化行为，使得它们以特定国家的语言和惯例输出消息。将 <envar>LC_ALL</envar> 设置为 <quote>POSIX</quote> 或者 <quote>C</quote>(这两种设置是等价的) 可以保证在 chroot 环境中所有命令的行为完全符合预期，而与宿主的本地化设置无关。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_addinguser — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you want to log in as &lfs-user; or switch to &lfs-user; from a non-&root; user (as opposed to switching to user &lfs-user; when logged in as &root;, which does not require the &lfs-user; user to have a password), you need to set a password for &lfs-user;. Issue the following command as the &root; user to set the password:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_autoconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
To test the results, issue: