Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Bash-&bash-version;
Bc &bc-version;
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Cross-compilation involves some concepts that deserve a section of their own. Although this section may be omitted on a first reading, coming back to it later will help you gain a fuller understanding of the process.
交叉编译涉及一些概念，值得专门用一节讨论。尽管您可以在初次阅读时跳过本节，但强烈建议您之后回头阅读本节，以完全掌握构建过程。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
These two chapters <emphasis>must</emphasis> be done as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>. A <command>su - lfs</command> command must be issued before performing any task in these chapters. If you don't do that, you are at risk of installing packages to the host, and potentially rendering it unusable.
这两章的步骤必须由用户 <emphasis>lfs</emphasis> 完成。在完成这些步骤时，必须先执行 <command>su - lfs</command> 命令。否则，您可能会将软件包安装到宿主系统上，这可能导致宿主系统无法使用。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>rm -rf /tools</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
One way to ensure that the <envar>LFS</envar> variable is always set is to edit the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file in both your personal home directory and in <filename>/root/.bash_profile</filename> and enter the export command above. In addition, the shell specified in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file for all users that need the <envar>LFS</envar> variable must be bash to ensure that the <filename>/root/.bash_profile</filename> file is incorporated as a part of the login process.
确保 <envar>LFS</envar> 始终正确的一种方法是：编辑您的主目录中的 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>，以及<filename>/root/.bash_profile</filename>，为它们加入上述设置并导出 LFS 变量的 export 命令。还要确认 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 中为每个需要使用 <envar>LFS</envar> 变量的用户指定的 shell 都是 bash，以保证每次登录时都执行 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 中的命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> $LFS
mkdir -v $LFS/home
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> $LFS/home</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> $LFS
mkdir -v $LFS/usr
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> $LFS/usr</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_createfiles — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Historically, Linux maintained a list of the mounted file systems in the file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list internally and expose it to the user via the <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect to find <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following symbolic link:
历史上，Linux 在 <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> 维护已经挂载的文件系统的列表。现代内核在内部维护该列表，并通过 <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> 文件系统将它展示给用户。为了满足那些需要 <filename>/etc/mtab</filename> 的工具，执行以下命令，创建符号链接：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
But some host kernels lack &devtmpfs; support; these host distros use different methods to create the content of <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>. So the only host-agnostic way to populate the <filename class="directory">$LFS/dev</filename> directory is by bind mounting the host system's <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that makes a directory subtree or a file visible at some other location. Use the following command to do this.
用设备文件填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录的推荐方法是挂载一个虚拟文件系统 (例如 <systemitem class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem>) 到 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>，然后在设备被发现或访问时动态地创建设备文件。这个工作通常由 Udev 在系统引导时完成。然而，我们的新系统还没有 Udev，也没有被引导过，因此必须手工挂载和填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>。这可以通过绑定挂载宿主系统的 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录就实现。绑定挂载是一种特殊挂载类型，它允许在另外的位置创建某个目录或挂载点的映像。运行以下命令进行绑定挂载：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<emphasis role="strong">Binutils-2.13.1</emphasis> (Versions greater than &binutils-version; are not recommended as they have not been tested)
<emphasis role="strong">Binutils-2.25</emphasis> (比 &binutils-version; 更新的版本未经测试，不推荐使用)
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Also note that the <command>bash</command> prompt will say <computeroutput>I have no name!</computeroutput> This is normal because the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file has not been created yet.
注意 <command>bash</command> 的提示符会包含 <computeroutput>I have no name!</computeroutput>。这是正常的，因为现在还没有创建 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 文件。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_creatingdirs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but this is not desirable everywhere. In the commands above, two changes are made&mdash;one to the home directory of user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, and another to the directories for temporary files.
默认情况下，新创建的目录具有权限码 755，但这并不适合所有目录。在以上命令中，两个目录的访问权限被修改 —— 一个是 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> 的主目录，另一个是包含临时文件的目录。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cd /tmp
grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso
xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso</userinput>
<userinput>cd /tmp
grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso
xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/appendices_creat-comm — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<?dbfo label-width="1.5em"?>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&wheel-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
About Libraries
关于库
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&udev-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr -depth -name $(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu\* | xargs rm -rf</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&pkgconf-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If there is any package whose version is different from the version specified by the book (either following a security advisory or satisfying personal preference), it may be necessary to update the library file name in <envar>save_usrlib</envar> or <envar>online_usrlib</envar>. <emphasis role='bold'>Failing to do so may render the system completely unusable.</emphasis>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&markupsafe-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&jinja2-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&libxcrypt-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&setuptools-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&flit-core-fin-sbu;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_aboutdebug — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Sizes will vary depending on which compiler and C library were used, but a program that has been stripped of debugging symbols is usually some 50% to 80% smaller than its unstripped counterpart. Because most users will never use a debugger on their system software, a lot of disk space can be regained by removing these symbols. The next section shows how to strip all debugging symbols from the programs and libraries.
由于大多数用户永远不会用调试器调试系统软件，可以通过移除它们的调试符号，回收大量磁盘空间。下一节展示如何从系统程序和库中移除所有调试符号。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This guide provides a good summary of the basic skills and techniques needed to build software from source code.
这份指南很好地总结了从源代码编译软件的基本技能和技巧。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_why — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package supplies programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code from a developer's template. It is often needed to rebuild a package after the build procedure has been updated.
这个软件包包含能根据软件开发者提供的模板，自动生成配置源代码的 shell 脚本的程序。如果修改了软件包的构建过程，一般需要该软件包的支持才能重新构建被修改的软件包。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are too many good reasons to build your own LFS system to list them all here. In the end, education is by far the most important reason. As you continue your LFS experience, you will discover the power that information and knowledge can bring.
此外，构建 LFS 系统还有很多好处，这里就不一一列举了。在所有原因中，最重要的是，在您编译和使用 LFS 的实践中，您将了解很多威力巨大的信息和知识。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
While it is possible to create a complete system that will pass the LSB certification tests <quote>from scratch,</quote> this can't be done without many additional packages that are beyond the scope of the LFS book. Installation instructions for these additional packages can be found in BLFS.
创建一个能够通过 LSB 认证测试的完整 LFS 系统是可行的，但需要安装大量超过 LFS 范畴的额外软件包。在 BLFS 中可以找到这些软件包的安装说明。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_networkd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>systemctl disable systemd-networkd-wait-online</userinput>
<userinput>ln -s /dev/null /etc/systemd/network/99-default.link</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
0: halt the computer
1: single-user mode
2: reserved for customization, otherwise the same as 3
3: multi-user mode with networking
4: reserved for customization, otherwise the same as 3
5: same as 4, it is usually used for GUI login (like GNOME's <command>gdm</command> or LXDE's <command>lxdm</command>)
6: reboot the computer
0：停止系统运行
1：单用户模式
2：没有网络连接的多用户模式
3：有网络连接的多用户模式
4：保留用于自定义，如果没有自定义和 3 相同
5：和 4 相同，一般用于 GUI 登录 (如 X 的 <command>xdm</command>) 或 KDE 的 <command>kdm</command>
6：重启计算机
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_systemd-custom — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The boot messages can always be reviewed by using the <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> command as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user.
您总是可以用 root 身份运行 <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> 命令，查阅引导消息。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="https://seclists.org/oss-sec/">Open Source Security Mailing List</ulink>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When you initially boot into LFS, you have all the internal tools to build additional packages. Unfortunately, the user environment is quite sparse. There are a couple of ways to improve this:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/> then enters a "chroot" environment, where we use the new tools to build all the rest of the tools needed to create the LFS system.
之后在<xref linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/>中，进入一个 "chroot" 环境，并使用之前构建的工具，再构建一些额外的工具，这些额外工具对于构建和测试最终的系统是必要的。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Bc-&bc-version;
Bc &bc-version;
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being experienced, any request for help should include these essential things:
除了简要描述您遇到的问题外，您应该在求助邮件中附带下列必要信息。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Let us first define some terms used in this context.
首先我们定义讨论交叉编译时常用的术语：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The procedures in <xref linkend='ch-tools-generalinstructions'/> are critical. If there is any doubt a package has been installed correctly, ensure the previously expanded tarball has been removed, then re-extract the package, and complete all the instructions in that section.
<xref linkend='ch-tools-generalinstructions'/>中的过程是关键的。如果在安装软件包时感觉不对劲，确认之前解压的源码包已经被删除，然后重新解压源码包的文件，重新执行该软件包对应章节的所有命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Backup
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another consideration is the method that is used to log into the host system. If logging in through a graphical display manager, the user's <filename>.bash_profile</filename> is not normally used when a virtual terminal is started. In this case, add the export command to the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file for the user and <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. In addition, some distributions use an "if" test, and do not run the remaining <filename>.bashrc</filename> instructions for a non-interactive bash invocation. Be sure to place the export command ahead of the test for non-interactive use.
另外还要考虑登录宿主系统的方式，如果您使用图形显示管理器登录，再启动虚拟终端，那么 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 一般不会被虚拟终端执行。此时，应该将 export 命令加入到您使用的用户和 root 用户的 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件中。另外，如果以非交互模式启动 bash，有的发行版不会执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 中的指令。此时一定要在使用环境变量前添加 export 命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_creatingfilesystem — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
is the latest version of the ext family of file systems. It provides several new capabilities including nano-second timestamps, creation and use of very large files (up to 16 TB), and speed improvements.
是 ext 文件系统家族的最新成员，它具有纳秒精度时间戳、超大 (16 TB) 文件支持等新功能，速度也更快。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<emphasis role="strong">Bison-2.7</emphasis> (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or a small script that executes bison)
<emphasis role="strong">Bison-2.7</emphasis> (/usr/bin/yacc 必须是到 bison 的链接，或者是一个执行 bison 的小脚本)
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_creatingdirs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory&mdash;just like a normal user would do with his or her own home directory. The second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called <quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.
第一个修改能保证不是所有人都能进入 <filename class="directory">/root</filename> —— 一般用户也可以为他/她的主目录设置同样的 0750 权限码。第二个修改保证任何用户都可写入 <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> 和 <filename class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> 目录，但不能从中删除其他用户的文件，因为所谓的 <quote>粘滞位</quote> (sticky bit)，即八进制权限码 1777 的最高位 (1) 阻止这样做。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>set +h</command> command turns off <command>bash</command>'s hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature&mdash;<command>bash</command> uses a hash table to remember the full path to executable files to avoid searching the <envar>PATH</envar> time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are installed. Switching off the hash function forces the shell to search the <envar>PATH</envar> whenever a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> as soon as they are available without remembering a previous version of the same program provided by the host distro, in <filename class='directory'>/usr/bin</filename> or <filename class='directory'>/bin</filename>.
<command>set +h</command> 命令关闭 <command>bash</command> 的散列功能。一般情况下，散列是很有用的 —— <command>bash</command> 使用一个散列表维护各个可执行文件的完整路径，这样就不用每次都在 <envar>PATH</envar> 指定的目录中搜索可执行文件。然而，在构建 LFS 时，我们希望总是使用最新安装的工具。因此，需要关闭散列功能，使得 shell 在运行程序时总是搜索 <envar>PATH</envar>。这样，shell 总是能够找到 <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> 目录中那些最新编译的工具，而不是使用之前记忆的另一个目录中的程序。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&wheel-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In general, the LFS editors discourage building and installing static libraries. Most static libraries have been made obsolete in a modern Linux system. In addition, linking a static library into a program can be detrimental. If an update to the library is needed to remove a security problem, every program that uses the static library will need to be relinked with the new library. Since the use of static libraries is not always obvious, the relevant programs (and the procedures needed to do the linking) may not even be known.
一般来说，LFS 作者不推荐构建和安装静态库。它们是为了某些在现代 Linux 系统中早已过时的原因而存在的。另外，将静态库链接到程序中可能是有害的。如果需要更新这个库以解决安全问题，所有使用该静态库的程序都要重新链接到新版本的库。程序对静态库的使用并不总是显然的，甚至可能无法查明有哪些程序需要重新链接 (以及如何重新链接)。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&udev-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Finally, remove the temporary 'tester' user account created at the beginning of the previous chapter.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&pkgconf-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>save_usrlib="$(cd /usr/lib; ls ld-linux*[^g])
libc.so.6
libthread_db.so.1
libquadmath.so.&libquadmath-version;
libstdc++.so.&libstdcpp-version;
libitm.so.&libitm-version;
libatomic.so.&libatomic-version;"

cd /usr/lib

for LIB in $save_usrlib; do
objcopy --only-keep-debug --compress-debug-sections=zlib $LIB $LIB.dbg
cp $LIB /tmp/$LIB
strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB
objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg /tmp/$LIB
install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib
rm /tmp/$LIB
done

online_usrbin="bash find strip"
online_usrlib="libbfd-&binutils-version;.so
libsframe.so.&libsframe-version;
libhistory.so.&readline-soversion;
libncursesw.so.&ncurses-version;
libm.so.6
libreadline.so.&readline-soversion;
libz.so.&zlib-version;
libzstd.so.&zstd-version;
$(cd /usr/lib; find libnss*.so* -type f)"

for BIN in $online_usrbin; do
cp /usr/bin/$BIN /tmp/$BIN
strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$BIN
install -vm755 /tmp/$BIN /usr/bin
rm /tmp/$BIN
done

for LIB in $online_usrlib; do
cp /usr/lib/$LIB /tmp/$LIB
strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB
install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib
rm /tmp/$LIB
done

for i in $(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.so* ! -name \*dbg) \
$(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.a) \
$(find /usr/{bin,sbin,libexec} -type f); do
case "$online_usrbin $online_usrlib $save_usrlib" in
*$(basename $i)* )
;;
* ) strip --strip-unneeded $i
;;
esac
done

unset BIN LIB save_usrlib online_usrbin online_usrlib
</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&markupsafe-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&jinja2-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&libxcrypt-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&setuptools-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&flit-core-fin-du;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If the Linux kernel needs to be upgraded (for example, from 5.10.17 to 5.10.18 or 5.11.1), nothing else needs to be rebuilt. The system will keep working fine thanks to the well-defined interface between the kernel and userspace. Specifically, Linux API headers need not be upgraded along with the kernel. You will merely need to reboot your system to use the upgraded kernel.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_networkd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Configuration files for <command>systemd-networkd</command> (and <command>systemd-resolved</command>) can be placed in <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename> or <filename class="directory">/etc/systemd/network</filename>. Files in <filename class="directory">/etc/systemd/network</filename> have a higher priority than the ones in <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename>. There are three types of configuration files: <filename class="extension">.link</filename>, <filename class="extension">.netdev</filename> and <filename class="extension">.network</filename> files. For detailed descriptions and example contents of these configuration files, consult the <ulink role='man' url='&man;systemd.link.5'>systemd.link(5)</ulink>, <ulink role='man' url='&man;systemd.netdev.5'>systemd.netdev(5)</ulink>, and <ulink role='man' url='&man;systemd.network.5'>systemd.network(5)</ulink> manual pages.
<command>systemd-networkd</command> (以及 <command>systemd-resolved</command>)的配置文件可以放置在 <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename> 或 <filename class="directory">/etc/systemd/network</filename> 中。<filename class="directory">/etc/systemd/network</filename> 中的配置文件优先级高于 <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename> 中的配置文件。有三种类型的配置文件：<filename class="extension">.link</filename>、<filename class="extension">.netdev</filename> 和 <filename class="extension">.network</filename> 文件。要获得它们的详细描述和内容示例，参阅 <filename>systemd-link(5)</filename>、<filename>systemd-netdev(5)</filename> 和 <filename>systemd-network(5)</filename> man 手册页面。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The main problem with the approach adopted by <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was the way it handled device detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is generally accepted that if device names are configurable, the device naming policy should be chosen by system administrators, and not imposed on them by the developer(s). The <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> file system also suffered from race conditions that were inherent in its design; these could not be fixed without a substantial revision of the kernel. <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was marked as deprecated for a long time, and was finally removed from the kernel in June, 2006.
<systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> 实现机制的主要问题是它处理设备的检测、创建和命名的方式，其中最致命的或许最后一项，即设备节点命名方式。通常认为，如果设备名称是可配置的，那么设备命名策略应该由系统管理员，而不是某个 (某些)特定开发者决定。<systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> 还受到其设计中固有的竞争条件的严重影响，在不对内核进行大量修改的前提下无法修复这一问题。由于缺乏维护，它早已被标记为过时特性，最终在 2006 年 6 月被从内核中移除。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Classically, run level 2 above was defined as <quote>multi-user mode without networking,</quote> but this was only the case many years ago when multiple users could connect to a system via serial ports. In today's environment it makes no sense, and we now say it is <quote>reserved.</quote>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>bash /usr/lib/udev/init-net-rules.sh</userinput>
<userinput>bash /lib/udev/init-net-rules.sh</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is a mailing list for discussion of security flaws, concepts, and practices in the Open Source community.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Work from the LFS host in chroot
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Binutils-&binutils-version;
Findutils-&findutils-version;
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The version of the book being used (in this case &version;)
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Several members of the LFS community offer assistance via Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Before using this support, please make sure your question is not already answered in the LFS FAQ or the mailing list archives. You can find the IRC network at <systemitem class='domainname'>irc.libera.chat</systemitem>. The support channel is named #lfs-support.
LFS 社区的几个成员通过因特网中继聊天系统 (IRC) 提供支援。在使用这一渠道之前，首先保证您的问题并没有被 LFS FAQ 和邮件列表解决。您可以在 <uri>irc.freenode.net</uri> 找到 IRC 网络，支持频道的名字是 #LFS-support。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The build
build
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapters&nbsp;7&ndash;10
第 7&ndash;10 章
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
At this point the essential programs and libraries have been created and your current LFS system is in a good state. Your system can now be backed up for later reuse. In case of fatal failures in the subsequent chapters, it often turns out that removing everything and starting over (more carefully) is the best way to recover. Unfortunately, all the temporary files will be removed, too. To avoid spending extra time to redo something which has been done successfully, creating a backup of the current LFS system may prove useful.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Ensure that this new partition is not mounted with permissions that are too restrictive (such as the <option>nosuid</option> or <option>nodev</option> options). Run the <command>mount</command> command without any parameters to see what options are set for the mounted LFS partition. If <option>nosuid</option> and/or <option>nodev</option> are set, the partition must be remounted.
请确认在挂载新分区时没有使用过于严格的安全限制 (比如 <option>nosuid</option> 或者 <option>nodev</option> 等选项)。直接执行不带任何参数的 <command>mount</command> 命令，检查挂载好的 LFS 分区被指定了哪些选项。如果 <option>nodev</option> 或者 <option>nosuid</option> 被设置了，就必须重新挂载分区。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_creatingfilesystem — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Other file systems, including FAT32, NTFS, ReiserFS, JFS, and XFS are useful for specialized purposes. More information about these file systems, and many others, can be found at <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems"/>.
其他文件系统，包括 FAT32, NTFS, ReiserFS, JFS 和 XFS 在特定场合也很有用。关于这些文件系统的更多信息，可以在 <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems"/> 找到。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<emphasis role="strong">Coreutils-8.1</emphasis>
<emphasis role="strong">Coreutils-6.9</emphasis>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
GRUB uses its own naming structure for drives and partitions in the form of <emphasis>(hdn,m)</emphasis>, where <emphasis>n</emphasis> is the hard drive number and <emphasis>m</emphasis> is the partition number. The hard drive numbers start from zero, but the partition numbers start from one for normal partitions (from five for extended partitions). Note that this is different from earlier versions where both numbers started from zero. For example, partition <filename class="partition">sda1</filename> is <emphasis>(hd0,1)</emphasis> to GRUB and <filename class="partition">sdb3</filename> is <emphasis>(hd1,3)</emphasis>. In contrast to Linux, GRUB does not consider CD-ROM drives to be hard drives. For example, if using a CD on <filename class="partition">hdb</filename> and a second hard drive on <filename class="partition">hdc</filename>, that second hard drive would still be <emphasis>(hd1)</emphasis>.
GRUB 使用一种独特的命名结构，为驱动器和分区命名。分区名的形式为 <emphasis>(hdn,m)</emphasis>，这里 <emphasis>n</emphasis> 是硬盘驱动器编号，<emphasis>m</emphasis> 是分区编号。硬盘驱动器编号从 0 开始，但分区号对于主分区来说从 1 开始，而对于扩展分区来说从 5 开始。例如，分区 <filename class="partition">sda1</filename> 在 GRUB 中的名字是 <emphasis>(hd0, 1)</emphasis>，而 <filename class="partition">sda3</filename> 的名字是 <emphasis>(hd1, 3)</emphasis>。和 Linux 不同，GRUB 不认为 CD-ROM 驱动器属于硬盘驱动器。例如，如果在 <filename class="partition">hdb</filename> 上有一个 CD-ROM 驱动器，而 <filename class="partition">hdc</filename> 上有第二个硬盘驱动器，则第二个硬盘驱动器仍然名为 <emphasis>hd1</emphasis>。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/appendices_dependencies — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&runtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installation of Wheel
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The procedures in this chapter remove or disable installation of most static libraries. Usually this is done by passing a <option>--disable-static</option> option to <command>configure</command>. In other cases, alternate means are needed. In a few cases, especially Glibc and GCC, the use of static libraries remains an essential feature of the package building process.
在本章的安装过程中，我们删除或者禁止安装多数静态库。一般来说，传递 <option>--disable-static</option> 选项给 <command>configure</command> 就可以禁用静态库。然而，某些情况下需要其他手段。在极个别情况下，特别是对于 Glibc 和 GCC，静态库对于一般的软件包构建过程仍然很关键，就不能禁用静态库。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installation of Udev
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>userdel -r tester</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installation of Pkgconf
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A large number of files will be flagged as errors because their file format is not recognized. These warnings can be safely ignored. They indicate that those files are scripts, not binaries.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installation of MarkupSafe
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installation of Jinja2
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installation of Libxcrypt
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installation of Setuptools
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installation of Flit-Core
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If Glibc needs to be upgraded to a newer version, (e.g., from Glibc-2.36 to Glibc-&glibc-version;), some extra steps are needed to avoid breaking the system. Read <xref linkend='ch-system-glibc'/> for details.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_typography — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Please configure your browser to display fixed-width text with a good monospaced font, with which you can distinguish the glyphs of <literal>Il1</literal> or <literal>O0</literal> clearly.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_why — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package contains programs for generating Make files from a template. It is often needed to rebuild a package after the build procedure has been updated.
这个软件包包含能根据软件开发者提供的模板，自动生成 Makefile 的程序。如果修改了软件包的构建过程，一般需要该软件包的支持才能重新构建被修改的软件包。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<?dbfo list-presentation="list"?> <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later released as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual filesystem called <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> came to be. The job of <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> is to provide information about the system's hardware configuration to userspace processes. With this userspace-visible representation, it became possible to develop a userspace replacement for <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem>.
在不稳定的 2.5 系列内核开发过程中，加入了一个新的虚拟文件系统，称为 <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>，并在 2.6 系列稳定内核中发布。<systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> 的工作是将系统硬件配置信息导出给用户空间进程，有了这个用户空间可见的配置描述，就可能开发一种 <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> 的用户空间替代品。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_network — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The values in italics must be changed in each file, to set the interfaces up correctly.
您必须修改每个文件中用斜体显示的设定值，使其与您的网络环境相匹配。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_locale — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Replace <replaceable>&lt;ll&gt;</replaceable> below with the two-letter code for your desired language (e.g., <literal>en</literal>) and <replaceable>&lt;CC&gt;</replaceable> with the two-letter code for the appropriate country (e.g., <literal>GB</literal>). <replaceable>&lt;charmap&gt;</replaceable> should be replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen locale. Optional modifiers such as <literal>@euro</literal> may also be present.
将下面的 <replaceable>&lt;ll&gt;</replaceable> 替换为所需语言的双字符代号 (例如<quote>en</quote>)，<replaceable>&lt;CC&gt;</replaceable> 替换为国家或地区的双字符代号 (例如<quote>GB</quote>)，<replaceable>&lt;charmap&gt;</replaceable> 替换为您选定的 locale 的标准字符映射。另外，还可以加入 <quote>@euro</quote> 等可选修饰符。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This method provides a complete graphical environment where a full featured browser and copy/paste capabilities are available. This method allows using applications like the host's version of wget to download package sources to a location available when working in the chroot environment.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter03_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are several ways to obtain all the necessary packages and patches to build LFS:
存在多种获取构建 LFS 必须的软件包和补丁的方法：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/> the full-blown LFS system is built. Another advantage provided by the chroot environment is that it allows you to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package compilations to complete, you can continue using your computer as usual.
在<xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>中，我们将构建完整的 LFS 系统。使用 chroot 环境的另一项优势是，在构建 LFS 的过程中，您可以继续使用宿主系统。这样，在等待软件包编译的过程中，您可以继续正常使用计算机。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter&nbsp;1 - Mirror sites
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
is the machine where we build programs. Note that this machine is also referred to as the <quote>host.</quote>
指构建程序时使用的机器。注意在某些其他章节，这台机器被称为<quote>host</quote>(宿主)。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A few operations, from <quote>Changing Ownership</quote> to <quote>Entering the Chroot Environment,</quote> must be done as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, with the LFS environment variable set for the &root; user.
从 <quote>改变所有权</quote> 到 <quote>进入 Chroot 环境</quote> 的一些操作必须以 root 身份完成，且 LFS 环境变量必须为 root 用户设定。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
All the remaining steps in this section are optional. Nevertheless, as soon as you begin installing packages in <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, the temporary files will be overwritten. So it may be a good idea to do a backup of the current system as described below.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_createfiles — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; EOF
<literal>127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)
::1 localhost</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>echo "127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)" &gt; /etc/hosts</userinput>