Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The debugging symbols from selected libraries are compressed with <application>Zlib</application> and preserved in separate files. That debugging information is needed to run regression tests with <ulink url='&blfs-book;/general/valgrind.html'>valgrind</ulink> or <ulink url='&blfs-book;/general/gdb.html'>gdb</ulink> later, in BLFS.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe is a Python module that implements an XML/HTML/XHTML Markup safe string.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2 is a Python module that implements a simple pythonic template language.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_attr — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Attr package contains utilities to administer the extended attributes of filesystem objects.
Attr 软件包包含管理文件系统对象扩展属性的工具。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_e2fsprogs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the <systemitem class="filesystem">ext2</systemitem> file system. It also supports the <systemitem class="filesystem">ext3</systemitem> and <systemitem class="filesystem">ext4</systemitem> journaling file systems.
E2fsprogs 软件包包含处理 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext2</systemitem> 文件系统的工具。此外它也支持 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext3</systemitem> 和 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext4</systemitem> 日志文件系统。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Libxcrypt package contains a modern library for one-way hashing of passwords.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_meson — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Meson is an open source build system designed to be both extremely fast and as user friendly as possible.
Meson 是一个开放源代码构建系统，它的设计保证了非常快的执行速度，和尽可能高的用户友好性。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_python — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Python 3 package contains the Python development environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming, writing scripts, prototyping large programs, and developing entire applications. Python is an interpreted computer language.
Python 3 软件包包含 Python 开发环境。它被用于面向对象编程，编写脚本，为大型程序建立原型，或者开发完整的应用。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Setuptools is a tool used to download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Flit-core is the distribution-building parts of Flit (a packaging tool for simple Python modules).
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_sysklogd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those emitted by the kernel when unusual things happen.
Sysklogd 软件包包含记录系统消息的程序，例如在意外情况发生时内核给出的消息。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_acl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
Acl 软件包包含管理访问控制列表的工具，访问控制列表能够更细致地自由定义文件和目录的访问权限。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are multiple solutions for package management, each having its strengths and drawbacks. Finding one solution that satisfies all audiences is difficult.
存在多种软件包管理的解决方案，它们各有优缺点。很难找到一种让所有读者满意的方案。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_aboutdebug — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A <command>bash</command> binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB (60% smaller)
一个没有调试符号的 <command>bash</command> 二进制程序：480 KB
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libtool — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It makes the use of shared libraries simpler with a consistent, portable interface.
Libtool 软件包包含 GNU 通用库支持脚本。它在一个一致、可移植的接口下隐藏了使用共享库的复杂性。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_groff — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text and images.
Groff 软件包包含处理和格式化文本的程序。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libcap — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Libcap package implements the userspace interface to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities partition the all-powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
Libcap 软件包为 Linux 内核提供的 POSIX 1003.1e 权能字实现用户接口。这些权能字是 root 用户的最高特权分割成的一组不同权限。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Software-Building-HOWTO <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/>
Software-Building-HOWTO <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
LFS allows you to create very compact Linux systems. With other distributions you are often forced to install a great many programs you neither use nor understand. These programs waste resources. You may argue that with today's hard drives and CPUs, wasted resources are no longer a consideration. Sometimes, however, you are still constrained by the system's size, if nothing else. Think about bootable CDs, USB sticks, and embedded systems. Those are areas where LFS can be beneficial.
LFS 允许您创建非常紧凑的 Linux 系统。在安装传统的 Linux 发行版时，您往往不得不安装一大堆可能永远不会用到，甚至完全无法理解其必要性的程序。它们会浪费系统资源。您可能以为，有了现代的大容量硬盘和高速 CPU，就不需要考虑资源耗费的问题。然而，在一些情况下，即使不考虑其他问题，仅仅存储空间的约束就十分紧张。可引导 CD，USB 启动盘或者嵌入式系统就是典型代表。在这些领域中，LFS 是十分有用的。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</ulink>
<ulink url="http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</ulink>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_architecture — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
As you can see, on the same hardware, the 64-bit build is only 3% faster (and 22% larger) than the 32-bit build. If you plan to use LFS as a LAMP server, or a firewall, a 32-bit CPU may be good enough. On the other hand, several packages in BLFS now need more than 4 GB of RAM to be built and/or to run; if you plan to use LFS as a desktop, the LFS authors recommend building a 64-bit system.
可以看出，在相同的硬件上，64 位系统的构建仅仅比 32 位快 3%，但占用的磁盘空间却比 32 位系统大 22%。如果您准备用 LFS 系统运行 LAMP 服务器，或者防火墙，那么 32 位 CPU 足以满足需求。然而，BLFS 中的一些软件包在构建或运行过程中可能需要超过 4GB 的内存，因此如果您准备将 LFS 作为桌面系统，LFS 作者推荐构建 64 位系统。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>init</command> program is controlled by the <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> file and is organized into run levels that can be chosen by the user. In LFS, they are used as follows:
<command>init</command> 程序受到 <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> 文件的控制，被组织为用户可以选择的系统运行级别：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_consoled — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>systemd-vconsole-setup</command> service reads the <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> file for configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this, see <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>. Examine the output of <command>localectl list-keymaps</command> for a list of valid console keymaps. Look in the <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> directory for valid screen fonts.
<command>systemd-vconsole-setup</command> 服务从 <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> 文件中读取配置信息。它根据配置确定使用的键映射和控制台字体。一些与特定语言相关的 HOWTO 文档可以帮助您进行配置，参阅 <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>。浏览 <command>localectl list-keymaps</command> 输出的可用控制台键映射列表。在 <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> 目录中寻找可用的控制台字体。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Linux systems in general traditionally used a static device creation method, whereby a great many device nodes were created under <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually existed. This was typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contained a number of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant major and minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in the world.
传统的 Linux 系统通常使用静态地创建设备，即在 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 下创建大量设备节点 (有时有数千个节点)，无论对应的硬件设备是否真的存在。一般通过 <command>MAKEDEV</command> 脚本完成这一工作，它包含以相关的主设备号和次设备号，为世界上可能存在的每个设备建立节点的大量 <command>mknod</command> 命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This version of LFS uses a special booting facility named SysVinit, based on a series of <emphasis>run levels</emphasis>. The boot procedure can be quite different from one system to another; the fact that things worked one way in a particular Linux distribution does not guarantee they will work the same way in LFS. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it does respect generally accepted standards.
Linux 使用一种称为 SysVinit 的特殊引导架构，它基于<emphasis>运行级别</emphasis> (run-level) 的概念而构建。不同系统的 SysVinit 可能会区别很大，因此不能假设那些在某个 Linux 发行版上正常工作的方法也能在 LFS 正常工作。LFS 有一些独特的工作方式，但它也遵守被广泛接受的标准。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_network — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The files in <filename class="directory">/etc/sysconfig/</filename> usually determine which interfaces are brought up and down by the network script. This directory should contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as <filename>ifconfig.xyz</filename>, where <quote>xyz</quote> describes the network card. The interface name (e.g. eth0) is usually appropriate. Each file contains the attributes of one interface, such as its IP address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. The stem of the filename must be <emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis>.
负责网络的引导脚本通常根据 <filename class="directory">/etc/sysconfig</filename> 中配置文件的内容，启用或禁用网络接口。对于每个需要配置的网络接口，该目录中都应该包含一个文件，文件名类似 <filename>ifconfig.xyz</filename>，这里<quote>xyz</quote>应该能够描述该网卡。使用接口名 (如 eth0) 一般比较合适。文件内部是该网络接口的属性，如 IP 地址、子网掩码等。文件名必须以 <emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis> 开头。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_reboot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A review of the following configuration files is also appropriate at this point.
最后，可以再次检查下列配置文件。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter03_patches — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MD5 sum: <literal>&bash-upstream-fixes-patch-md5;</literal>
MD5 校验和：<literal>&bash-fixes-patch-md5;</literal>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="chapter-partitioning"/> of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system, where the new LFS system will be compiled and installed. <xref linkend="chapter-getting-materials"/> explains which packages and patches must be downloaded to build an LFS system, and how to store them on the new file system. <xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/> discusses the setup of an appropriate working environment. Please read <xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/> carefully as it explains several important issues you should be aware of before you begin to work your way through <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and beyond.
本书的<xref linkend="chapter-partitioning"/>描述了如何创建一个新的 Linux 本地分区和文件系统，新的 LFS 系统将在该文件系统中被编译和安装。<xref linkend="chapter-getting-materials"/>列举了在构建 LFS 系统的过程中必须下载的软件包和补丁，并解释了在新文件系统中存储它们的方法。<xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/>讨论工作环境的正确配置。请仔细阅读<xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/>，因为它解释了您在开始<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>及后续章节的工作前必须了解的一些重要问题。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Attr-&attr-version;
Bc &bc-version;
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_generalinstructions — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
During the compilation of most packages, some warnings will scroll by on the screen. These are normal and can safely be ignored. These warnings are usually about deprecated, but not invalid, use of the C or C++ syntax. C standards change fairly often, and some packages have not yet been updated. This is not a serious problem, but it does cause the warnings to appear.
在编译大多数软件包时，屏幕上都会出现一些警告。这是正常的，可以放心地忽略。这些警告就像它们描述的那样，是关于一些过时的，但并不是错误的 C 或 C++ 语法。C 标准经常改变，一些软件包仍然在使用旧的标准。这并不是一个严重的问题，但确实会触发警告。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapters&nbsp;5&ndash;6
第 5&ndash;6 章
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Replace <replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> with the name of the LFS partition.
将 <replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> 替换成 LFS 分区的代号。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
From this point on, there is no need to use the <envar>LFS</envar> variable any more because all work will be restricted to the LFS file system; the <command>chroot</command> command runs the Bash shell with the root (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory set to <filename class='directory'>$LFS</filename>.
从现在开始，就不再需要使用 <envar>LFS</envar> 环境变量，因为所有工作都被局限在 LFS 文件系统内。这是由于 Bash 被告知 <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> 现在是根目录 (<filename class="directory">/</filename>)。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_fstab — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Replace <replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable>, <replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable>, and <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> with the values appropriate for the system, for example, <filename class="partition">sda2</filename>, <filename class="partition">sda5</filename>, and <systemitem class="filesystem">ext4</systemitem>. For details on the six fields in this file, see <ulink role='man' url='&man;fstab.5'>fstab(5)</ulink>.
将 <replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable>、<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> 和 <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> 替换为适用于您的系统的值，例如 <filename class="partition">sda2</filename>、<filename class="partition">sda5</filename> 和 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext4</systemitem>。参阅 <command>man 5 fstab</command> 了解该文件中 6 个域的详细信息。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/appendices_dependencies — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The last list of dependencies are optional packages that are not addressed in LFS, but could be useful to the user. These packages may have additional mandatory or optional dependencies of their own. For these dependencies, the recommended practice is to install them after completion of the LFS book and then go back and rebuild the LFS package. In several cases, re-installation is addressed in BLFS.
第四种列出的依赖关系是 LFS 中没有提到的可选软件包，但它们对用户可能很有用。这些软件包本身可能还有必要或可选的依赖关系。对于这些依赖关系，推荐的方法是在完成 LFS 手册后，安装可选依赖项，再重新构建相关的 LFS 软件包。BLFS 提到了几个软件包的重新安装方法。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_abouttestsuites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Sometimes package test suites will fail for reasons which the developers are aware of and have deemed non-critical. Consult the logs located at <ulink url="&test-results;"/> to verify whether or not these failures are expected. This site is valid for all test suites throughout this book.
一些软件包的测试套件总是失败，但开发者已经知道失败原因，并判定这些失败并不重要。参照 <ulink url="&test-results;"/> 中的构建日志，来检查这些失败是否符合预期。本书中的所有测试都可以在该网址查询。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When multiple processors are used in this way, the SBU units in the book will vary even more than they normally would. In some cases, the make step will simply fail. Analyzing the output of the build process will also be more difficult because the lines from different processes will be interleaved. If you run into a problem with a build step, revert to a single processor build to properly analyze the error messages.
用这种方式使用多个处理器时，SBU 值将会发生变化，有时甚至变得比正常值还大。某些情况下，还会导致 make 命令失败。另外，分析构建过程的的输出也会变得困难，因为不同进程的输出行会交错在一起。如果在构建过程中出现问题，需要使用单处理器进行构建，才能更好地分析错误消息。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libffi — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface. An FFI allows a program written in one language to call a program written in another language. Specifically, Libffi can provide a bridge between an interpreter like Perl, or Python, and shared library subroutines written in C, or C++.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For more information about libtool archive files, see the <ulink url="&blfs-book;introduction/la-files.html">BLFS section "About Libtool Archive (.la) files"</ulink>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Note that <command>strip</command> will overwrite the binary or library file it is processing. This can crash the processes using code or data from the file. If the process running <command>strip</command> is affected, the binary or library being stripped can be destroyed; this can make the system completely unusable. To avoid this problem we copy some libraries and binaries into <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>, strip them there, then reinstall them with the <command>install</command> command. (The related entry in <xref linkend="pkgmgmt-upgrade-issues"/> gives the rationale for using the <command>install</command> command here.)
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are some hints written on the topic of package management. Visit the <ulink url="&hints-root;">Hints Project</ulink> and see if one of them fits your needs.
已经有人写了一些关于软件包管理这一主题的短文。您可以访问 <ulink url="&hints-root;">Hints Project</ulink> 并看一看是否有符合您的需求的方案。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing <quote>generic</quote> Unix software packages under Linux. Although it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques used to build and install software.
这是一份关于在 Linux 环境编译和安装 <quote>一般的</quote> Unix 软件包的详细指南。虽然这份文档比较老，但是它较好地总结了编译和安装软件的基本技巧。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_why — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package contains programs for managing extended attributes on file system objects.
这个软件包包含管理文件系统对象的扩展属性的程序。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another advantage of a custom built Linux system is security. By compiling the entire system from source code, you are empowered to audit everything and apply all the security patches you want. You don't have to wait for somebody else to compile binary packages that fix a security hole. Unless you examine the patch and implement it yourself, you have no guarantee that the new binary package was built correctly and adequately fixes the problem.
自行定制的 Linux 系统在安全方面也具有优势。在从源码编译整个系统的过程中，您有机会审核所有的代码，并安装您需要的安全补丁。您不需要像往常那样等待其他人编译一个修复了安全漏洞的二进制包。另外，除非您亲自检查并应用了补丁，您无法保证新的二进制包在编译过程中没有出问题，并且正确修补了安全漏洞。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LSB has four separate specifications: Core, Desktop, Runtime Languages, and Imaging. Some parts of Core and Desktop specifications are architecture specific. There are also two trial specifications: Gtk3 and Graphics. LFS attempts to conform to the LSB specifications for the IA32 (32-bit x86) or AMD64 (x86_64) architectures discussed in the previous section.
LSB 由 4 个独立的标准组成：Core、Desktop、Runtime Language 和 Imaging。除了通用要求外，还有架构特定的要求。另外，还有两个处于试用阶段的标准：Gtk3 和 Graphics。LFS 试图遵循 LSB 对前一节讨论的那些架构的要求。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_architecture — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The default 64-bit build that results from LFS is a <quote>pure</quote> 64-bit system. That is, it supports 64-bit executables only. Building a <quote>multi-lib</quote> system requires compiling many applications twice, once for a 32-bit system and once for a 64-bit system. This is not directly supported in LFS because it would interfere with the educational objective of providing the minimal instructions needed for a basic Linux system. Some of the LFS/BLFS editors maintain a multilib fork of LFS, accessible at <ulink url="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html"/>. But that's an advanced topic.
完全按照本书构建的 LFS 系统是一个<quote>纯粹的</quote> 64 位系统。换句话说，它只能运行 64 位可执行程序。构建一个<quote>multi-lib</quote> 系统需要将许多应用程序编译两次，一次编译为 32 位，另一次编译为 64 位。本书不提供这方面的内容，因为本书的教学目的是提供简洁的基本 Linux 系统的构建方法，讨论 multilib 会和这一目标发生冲突。一些 LFS/BLFS 编辑维护了 LFS 的 multilib 版本，可以在 <ulink url="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html"/> 查阅。但这是一个比较复杂的主题。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
0 &mdash; halt
1 &mdash; Single user mode
2 &mdash; User definable
3 &mdash; Full multiuser mode
4 &mdash; User definable
5 &mdash; Full multiuser mode with display manager
6 &mdash; reboot
0 &mdash; 停止运行
1 &mdash; 单用户模式
2 &mdash; 多用户模式，没有网络
3 &mdash; 完整的多用户模式
4 &mdash; 用户自定义模式
5 &mdash; 拥有显示管理器的完整多用户模式
6 &mdash; 重启系统
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_consoled — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> file should contain lines of the form: <envar>VARIABLE=value</envar>. The following variables are recognized:
<filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> 文件的每一行都应该符合格式：变量名="值"，
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Using the udev method, device nodes are only created for those devices which are detected by the kernel. These device nodes are created each time the system boots; they are stored in a <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system (a virtual file system that resides entirely in system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so the memory that is used is negligible.
使用 Udev，则只有那些被内核检测到的设备才会获得为它们创建的设备节点。由于这些设备节点在每次引导系统时都会重新创建，它们被储存在 <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> 文件系统中 (一个虚拟文件系统，完全驻留在系统内存)。设备节点不需要太多空间，它们使用的系统内存可以忽略不计。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There is an alternative boot procedure called <command>systemd</command>. We will not discuss that boot process any further here. For a detailed description visit <ulink url="https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/understanding-and-using-systemd/"/>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The traditional naming scheme using eth0, eth1, etc. can be restored by adding <userinput>net.ifnames=0</userinput> on the kernel command line. This is most appropriate for systems that have just one ethernet device of a particular type. Laptops often have two ethernet connections named eth0 and wlan0; such laptops can also use this method. The command line is in the GRUB configuration file. See <xref linkend="grub-cfg"/>.
传统的，如同 eth0，eth1 这样的命名架构可以通过在内核命令行中加入 <userinput>net.ifnames=0</userinput> 而恢复。这在那些没有两块同类以太网设备的机器上最为合适。笔记本一般拥有两个以太网连接，在这种命名方式下分别是 eth0 和 wlan0，也可以采用这种方法。内核命令行需要写入 GRUB 配置文件中，参阅 <xref linkend="grub-cfg"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/advisories/">LFS Security Advisories</ulink>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In addition to the above, there is a set of applications for system management for all kinds of systems. These applications are all in the BLFS book. Not all packages are needed in every environments. For example <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/dhcpcd.html">dhcpcd</ulink>, is not normally appropriate for a server and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wireless_tools.html">wireless_tools</ulink>, are normally only useful for a laptop system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter05_libstdc__ — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Libstdc++ is the standard C++ library. It is needed to compile C++ code (part of GCC is written in C++), but we had to defer its installation when we built <xref linkend="ch-tools-gcc-pass1"/> because Libstdc++ depends on Glibc, which was not yet available in the target directory.
Libstdc++ 是 C++ 标准库。我们需要它才能编译 C++ 代码 (GCC 的一部分用 C++ 编写)。但在构建<xref linkend="ch-tools-gcc-pass1"/>时我们不得不暂缓安装它，因为它依赖于当时还没有安装到目标目录的 Glibc。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> explains the installation of the initial tool chain, (binutils, gcc, and glibc) using cross-compilation techniques to isolate the new tools from the host system.
<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>解释初始工具链 (binutils, gcc,以及 glibc) 的安装过程，在安装过程中使用交叉编译技术，将新的工具与宿主系统完全隔离。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_changelog — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
[bdubbs] - LFS-12.1 released.
[bdubbs] — LFS-10.0 发布。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Autoconf-&autoconf-version;
Automake-&automake-version;
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
We also have a wonderful LFS community that is willing to offer assistance through the mailing lists and IRC (see the <xref linkend="ch-intro-resources"/> section of this book). However, we get several support questions every day, and many of them could have been easily answered by going to the FAQ or by searching the mailing lists first. So, for us to offer the best assistance possible, you should first do some research on your own. That allows us to focus on the more unusual support needs. If your searches do not produce a solution, please include all the relevant information (mentioned below) in your request for help.
我们也有一个吸引人的 LFS 社区，社区成员愿意通过邮件列表和 IRC (见<xref linkend="ch-intro-resources"/>) 提供支援。然而，我们每天都会得到一大堆明明在 FAQ 或者邮件列表中能找到答案的问题。因此，为了使得技术支持的效能最大化，您需要自己先对问题进行一些研究。这样，我们就能够集中精力解决最特殊的支援需求。如果您的研究得不到结果，请您在求助时附带下面列出的全部相关信息。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <systemitem class='domainname'>linuxfromscratch.org</systemitem> server hosts a number of mailing lists used for the development of the LFS project. These lists include the main development and support lists, among others. If you cannot find an answer to your problem on the FAQ page, the next step would be to search the mailing lists at <ulink url="&lfs-root;search.html"/>.
服务器 <uri>linuxfromscratch.org</uri> 管理了若干用于 LFS项目开发过程的邮件列表，其中有主要的开发列表和技术支持列表，以及其他辅助列表。如果 FAQ 不能解决您的问题，您可以访问 <ulink url="&lfs-root;search.html"/> 在邮件列表中进行搜索。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LFS book is not (and does not contain) a general tutorial to build a cross- (or native) toolchain. Don't use the commands in the book for a cross-toolchain for some purpose other than building LFS, unless you really understand what you are doing.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The current system size is now about 3 GB, however the /tools directory is no longer needed. It uses about 1 GB of disk space. Delete it now:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you are using multiple partitions for LFS (e.g., one for <filename class="directory">/</filename> and another for <filename class="directory">/home</filename>), mount them like this:
如果为 LFS 创建了多个分区 (例如一个作为 <filename class="directory">/</filename>，另一个作为 <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>)，那么它们都需要被挂载：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
During a normal boot of an LFS system, the kernel automatically mounts the <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system on the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory; the kernel creates device nodes on that virtual file system during the boot process, or when a device is first detected or accessed. The udev daemon may change the ownership or permissions of the device nodes created by the kernel, and create new device nodes or symlinks, to ease the work of distro maintainers and system administrators. (See <xref linkend='ch-config-udev-device-node-creation'/> for details.) If the host kernel supports &devtmpfs;, we can simply mount a &devtmpfs; at <filename class='directory'>$LFS/dev</filename> and rely on the kernel to populate it.
用设备文件填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录的推荐方法是挂载一个虚拟文件系统 (例如 <systemitem class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem>) 到 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>，然后在设备被发现或访问时动态地创建设备文件。这个工作通常由 Udev 在系统引导时完成。然而，我们的新系统还没有 Udev，也没有被引导过，因此必须手工挂载和填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>。这可以通过绑定挂载宿主系统的 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录就实现。绑定挂载是一种特殊挂载类型，它允许在另外的位置创建某个目录或挂载点的映像。运行以下命令进行绑定挂载：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Notice that <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> is not in the <envar>PATH</envar>. This means that the cross toolchain will no longer be used.
注意 <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> 不在 <envar>PATH</envar> 中。这意味着交叉工具链在 chroot 环境中不被再使用。这还需要保证 shell 不<quote>记忆</quote>执行过的程序的位置 —— 因此需要传递 <parameter>+h</parameter> 参数给 <command>bash</command> 以关闭散列功能。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_creatingdirs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{include,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/local/{bin,lib,sbin}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LFS editors have deliberately decided not to use a <filename class="directory">/usr/lib64</filename> directory. Several steps are taken to be sure the toolchain will not use it. If for any reason this directory appears (either because you made an error in following the instructions, or because you installed a binary package that created it after finishing LFS), it may break your system. You should always be sure this directory does not exist.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The times presented here are based upon using four cores (-j4). The times in Chapter 8 also include the time to run the regression tests for the package unless specified otherwise.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The SBU values and required disk space include test suite data for all applicable packages in <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>. SBU values have been calculated using four CPU cores (-j4) for all operations unless specified otherwise.
对于拥有可用的测试套件的软件包，<xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>中给出的 SBU 值和需要的磁盘空间包含了运行测试套件需要的时间和磁盘空间。SBU 值根据仅使用单个 CPU 核心 (-j1) 进行操作时测得的时间计算。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The compiler built in <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/> is still partially installed and not needed anymore. Remove it with:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_tcl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <application>Tcl</application> package contains the Tool Command Language, a robust general-purpose scripting language. The <application>Expect</application> package is written in <application>Tcl</application> (pronounced "tickle").
<application>Tcl</application> 软件包包含工具命令语言，它是一个可靠的通用脚本语言。<application>Except</application> 软件包是用 <application>Tcl</application> 语言编写的.
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The ELF loader's name is ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 on 64-bit systems and ld-linux.so.2 on 32-bit systems. The construct below selects the correct name for the current architecture, excluding anything ending with <literal>g</literal>, in case the commands below have already been run.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&diskspace;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_aboutdebug — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Glibc and GCC files without debugging symbols: 16 MB (82% smaller)
没有调试符号的 Glibc 和 GCC 文件：16 MB
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source <ulink url="https://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/"/>
Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source <ulink url="http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/"/>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Many people do not agree with these requirements. The main purpose of the LSB is to ensure that proprietary software can be installed and run on a compliant system. Since LFS is source based, the user has complete control over what packages are desired; you may choose not to install some packages that are specified by the LSB.
许多人不认同 LSB 的要求。定义 LSB 的主要目的是保证专有软件能够在满足 LSB 的系统上正常运行。然而 LFS 是基于源代码的，用户拥有完全的控制权，有权选择不安装 LSB 要求的软件包。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_networkd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you will not use <command>systemd-networkd</command> for network configuration (for example, when the system is not connected to network, or you want to use another utility like NetworkManager for network configuration), disable a service to prevent an error message during boot:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_inputrc — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inputrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn &lt;roryo@roryo.dynup.net&gt;

# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off

# Enable 8-bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On

# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off

# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On

# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none

# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word

# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert

# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line

# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line

# End /etc/inputrc</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inputrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn &lt;roryo@roryo.dynup.net&gt;

# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off

# Enable 8bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On

# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off

# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On

# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none

# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word

# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert

# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line

# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line

# End /etc/inputrc</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
SysVinit (which will be referred to as <quote>init</quote> from now on) uses a run levels scheme. There are seven run levels, numbered 0 to 6. (Actually, there are more run levels, but the others are for special cases and are generally not used. See <ulink role='man' url='&man;init.8'>init(8)</ulink> for more details.) Each one of the seven corresponds to actions the computer is supposed to perform when it starts up or shuts down. The default run level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the different run levels as they are implemented in LFS:
SysVinit (之后简称为<quote>init</quote>) 使用运行级别架构工作。有七个 (编号为 0 到 6) 运行级别 (实际上还有更多，但它们用于一些特殊情况，一般并不使用。参阅 <filename>init(8)</filename> 了解更多细节)，每个都对应于计算机在启动时应该进行的一组操作。默认运行级别是 3，下面是不同运行级别的描述：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_network — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The interface names depend on the implementation and configuration of the udev daemon running on the system. The udev daemon for LFS (installed in <xref linkend="ch-system-udev"/>) will not run until the LFS system is booted. So the interface names in the LFS system cannot always be determined by running those commands on the host distro, <emphasis>even in the chroot environment</emphasis>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is a list of security vulnerabilities discovered in the LFS book after it's published.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Working in a basic LFS environment