Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The SBU measure works as follows. The first package to be compiled is binutils in <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>. The time it takes to compile using one core is what we will refer to as the Standard Build Unit or SBU. All other compile times will be expressed in terms of this unit of time.
下面给出标准构建单位的测量方法。本书中构建的第一个软件包是 <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> 中的 Binutils，定义编译它需要的时间为标准构建单位，缩写为 SBU。其他软件包的编译时间用 SBU 为单位表示。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Wheel-&wheel-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Udev from Systemd-&systemd-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>rm -rf /tmp/*</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Pkgconf-&pkgconf-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Most people who use the commands mentioned below do not experience any difficulties. However, it is easy to make a mistake and render the new system unusable. So before running the <command>strip</command> commands, it is a good idea to make a backup of the LFS system in its current state.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe-&markupsafe-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2-&jinja2-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Libxcrypt-&libxcrypt-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Setuptools-&setuptools-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Flit-Core-&flit-core-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_aboutdebug — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The inclusion of these debugging symbols enlarges a program or library significantly. Here are two examples of the amount of space these symbols occupy:
然而，插入这些调试符号会显著增大程序或库的体积。下面是一些表现调试符号占用空间的例子：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Because the LFS book assumes <emphasis>at least</emphasis> this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge will likely go unanswered (or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list).
由于本书假定您<emphasis>至少</emphasis>具备上述基本技能，任何 LFS 支持论坛不太可能在这些领域为您提供帮助。如果您的问题是关于这些基础知识的，一般会被忽略，或者被提供一份 LFS 背景知识预习书单作为答案。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
One important reason for this project's existence is to help you learn how a Linux system works from the inside out. Building an LFS system helps demonstrate what makes Linux tick, and how things work together and depend on each other. One of the best things this learning experience can provide is the ability to customize a Linux system to suit your own unique needs.
本项目存在的一项重要原因就是，它能够帮助您学习 Linux 系统的内部是如何运作的。构建 LFS 系统的过程将展示 Linux 系统的工作原理，以及其各组成部分的协作和依赖关系。最棒的是，有了这些经验，您将能够定制 Linux 系统，使其满足您独一无二的需求。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/"> POSIX.1-2008</ulink>.
<ulink url="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/"> POSIX.1-2008</ulink>.
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_architecture — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The gain from building on a 64-bit system, as compared to a 32-bit system, is minimal. For example, in a test build of LFS-9.1 on a Core i7-4790 CPU based system, using 4 cores, the following statistics were measured:
对于构建 LFS 来说，构建 64 位系统相较于 32 位系统而言只会获得很小的收益。例如，在使用安装了 Core i7-4790 CPU 的系统测试构建 LFS-9.1 时，我们得到的实验数据为：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_errata — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In addition, the Linux From Scratch editors maintain a list of security vulnerabilities discovered <emphasis>after</emphasis> a book has been released. To read the list, please visit <ulink url="&secadv;"/> before proceeding with your build. You should apply the changes suggested by the advisories to the relevant sections of the book as you build the LFS system. And, if you will use the LFS system as a real desktop or server system, you should continue to consult the advisories and fix any security vulnerabilities, even when the LFS system has been completely constructed.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Udev, by default, names network devices according to Firmware/BIOS data or physical characteristics like the bus, slot, or MAC address. The purpose of this naming convention is to ensure that network devices are named consistently, not based on when the network card was discovered. In older versions of Linux&mdash;on a computer with two network cards made by Intel and Realtek, for instance&mdash;the network card manufactured by Intel might have become eth0 while the Realtek card became eth1. After a reboot, the cards would sometimes get renumbered the other way around.
Udev 在默认情况下，根据固件或 BIOS 的数据，或总线、插槽与 MAC 地址等物理特性命名网络设备。这种命名法的主要目的是保证网络设备在每次引导时获得一致的命名，而不是基于网卡被系统发现的时间进行命名。例如，在老式命名方法中，如果一台计算机拥有两块网卡，其中一块由 Intel 生产，另一块由 Realtek 生产，则 Intel 网卡可能被命名为 eth0，而 Realtek 网卡被命名为 eth1。然而在重新启动系统后，它们的顺序可能会颠倒。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Using the utilities will be possible in the next chapter after entering the <quote>chroot</quote> environment. But all the packages built in the present chapter need to be built before we do that. Therefore we cannot be independent of the host system yet.
在下一章，进入<quote>chroot</quote>环境后，就可以使用这些工具。但是在此之前，我们必须将本章中所有的软件包构建完毕。因此现在我们还不能脱离宿主系统。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_reboot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install any <ulink url='&blfs-book;postlfs/firmware.html'>firmware</ulink> needed if the kernel driver for your hardware requires some firmware files to function properly.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Now that LFS is complete and you have a bootable system, what do you do? The next step is to decide how to use it. Generally, there are two broad categories to consider: workstation or server. Indeed, these categories are not mutually exclusive. The applications needed for each category can be combined onto a single system, but let's look at them separately for now.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter05_libstdc__ — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Libstdc++ from GCC-&gcc-version;
GCC-&gcc-version; 中的 Libstdc++，第一遍
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter03_packages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The upstream sources may remove old releases, especially when those releases contain a security vulnerability. If one URL below is not reachable, you should read the security advisories first to figure out if a newer version (with the vulnerability fixed) should be used. If not, try to download the removed package from a mirror. Although it's possible to download an old release from a mirror even if this release has been removed because of a vulnerability, it's not a good idea to use a release known to be vulnerable when building your system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter03_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For some packages, the release tarball and the (Git or SVN) repository snapshot tarball for that release may be published with similar file names. A release tarball contains generated files (for example, a <command>configure</command> script generated by <command>autoconf</command>), in addition to the contents of the corresponding repository snapshot. The book uses release tarballs whenever possible. Using a repository snapshot instead of a release tarball specified by the book will cause problems.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter03_patches — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Bash Upstream Fixes Patch - <token>&bash-upstream-fixes-patch-size;</token>:
Bash 上游修复补丁 - <token>&bash-fixes-patch-size;</token>:
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are many ways to install a Linux distribution and the defaults are usually not optimal for building an LFS system. For suggestions on setting up a commercial distribution see: <ulink url="&lfs-root;hints/downloads/files/partitioning-for-lfs.txt"/>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you must ask a question directly via an upstream support channel, you shall at least note that many upstream projects have the support channels separated from the bug tracker. The <quote>bug</quote> reports for asking questions are considered invalid and may annoy upstream developers for these projects.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If during the building of the LFS system you encounter any errors, have any questions, or think there is a typo in the book, please start by consulting the list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), located at <ulink url="&faq-root;"/>.
如果在构建 LFS 的过程中您遇到了任何问题，或是存在疑问，或者觉得书中存在拼写错误，请先参考常见问题列表 (FAQ)。它位于 <ulink url="&faq-root;"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is where the real work of building a new system begins. Be very careful to follow the instructions exactly as the book shows them. You should try to understand what each command does, and no matter how eager you are to finish your build, you should refrain from blindly typing the commands as shown. Read the documentation when there is something you do not understand. Also, keep track of your typing and of the output of commands, by using the <command>tee</command> utility to send the terminal output to a file. This makes debugging easier if something goes wrong.
从本节开始，我们将进行构建新系统的实际工作。它需要您非常认真地严格执行本书给出的指示。您应该尽量理解这些操作的含义，无论您急于完成构建的心情多么迫切，都不能不加思考地将它们直接输入，在您无法理解它们时要阅读描述它们的文本。另外，注意跟踪您输入的命令和它们的输出，您可以将输出通过 <command>tee</command> 工具发送到文件。这样如果出现了问题，可以更好地进行诊断。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_generalinstructions — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Here are some things you should know about building each package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The overall goal of <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> is to produce a temporary area containing a set of tools that are known to be good, and that are isolated from the host system. By using the <command>chroot</command> command, the compilations in the remaining chapters will be isolated within that environment, ensuring a clean, trouble-free build of the target LFS system. The build process has been designed to minimize the risks for new readers, and to provide the most educational value at the same time.
<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>和<xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>的总目标是构造一个临时环境，它包含一组可靠的，能够与宿主系统完全分离的工具。这样，通过使用 <command>chroot</command> 命令，其余各章中执行的命令就被限制在这个临时环境中。这确保我们能够干净、顺利地构建 LFS 系统。整个构建过程被精心设计，以尽量降低新读者可能面临的风险，同时提供尽可能多的教育价值。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
These chapters run commands on the host system. When restarting, be certain of one thing:
这些章节是在宿主系统完成的。在重启后，注意下列事项：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Until <xref linkend="ch-tools-chroot"/>, the commands must be run as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, with the <envar>LFS</envar> variable set. After entering chroot, all commands are run as &root;, fortunately without access to the OS of the computer you built LFS on. Be careful anyway, as it is easy to destroy the whole LFS system with bad commands.
从现在开始，直到<xref linkend="ch-tools-chroot"/>，所有命令必须以 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> 用户身份执行，且 <envar>LFS</envar> 变量必须正确设定。在进入 chroot 之后，仍然以 root 身份执行所有命令，但幸运的是此时无法访问您构建 LFS 的计算机的宿主系统。不过仍然要小心，因为错误的命令很容易摧毁整个 LFS 系统。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>rm -rf /usr/share/{info,man,doc}/*</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Having this variable set is beneficial in that commands such as <command>mkdir -v $LFS/tools</command> can be typed literally. The shell will automatically replace <quote>$LFS</quote> with <quote>/mnt/lfs</quote> (or whatever value the variable was set to) when it processes the command line.
设置该环境变量的好处是，我们可以直接输入书中的命令，例如 <command>mkdir -v $LFS/tools</command>。Shell 在解析命令时会自动将 <quote>$LFS</quote> 替换成 <quote>/mnt/lfs</quote> (或是您设置的其他值)。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_mounting — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Create the mount point and mount the LFS file system with these commands:
输入以下命令以创建挂载点，并挂载 LFS 文件系统：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_createfiles — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
/run/utmp
/var/run/utmp
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Begin by creating the directories on which these virtual file systems will be mounted:
首先创建这些文件系统的挂载点：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Software
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you don't want to use all available logical cores, replace <replaceable>$(nproc)</replaceable> with the number of logical cores you want to use for building packages in this chapter and the following chapters. The test suites of some packages (notably Autoconf, Libtool, and Tar) in &ch-final; are not affected by <envar>MAKEFLAGS</envar>, they use a <envar>TESTSUITEFLAGS</envar> environment variable instead. We set that here as well for running these test suites with multiple cores.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If your system has UEFI support and you wish to boot LFS with UEFI, you should skip the instructions in this page but still learn the syntax of <filename>grub.cfg</filename> and the method to specify a partition in the file from this page, and configure GRUB with UEFI support using the instructions provided in <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/grub-setup.html">the BLFS page</ulink>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_fstab — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/fstab

# file system mount-point type options dump fsck
# order

/dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> / <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> defaults 1 1
/dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> swap swap pri=1 0 0
proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0
cgroup2 /sys/fs/cgroup cgroup2 nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0

# End /etc/fstab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/fstab

# 文件系统 挂载点 类型 选项 转储 检查
# 顺序

/dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> / <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> defaults 1 1
/dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> swap swap pri=1 0 0
proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0

# End /etc/fstab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_abouttestsuites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Running the test suites in <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> is pointless; since the test programs are compiled with a cross-compiler, they probably can't run on the build host.
在<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>和<xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>中不可能运行测试套件，因为这些程序是使用交叉编译器编译的，根本不该在构建它们的宿主系统运行。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}

for i in bin lib sbin; do
ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i
done

case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{bin,etc,lib,sbin,usr,var}
case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, or when switched to the &lfs-user; user using an <command>su</command> command with the <quote><parameter>-</parameter></quote> option, the initial shell is a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>. The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment.
在以 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 用户登录时，初始的 shell 一般是一个<emphasis>登录</emphasis> shell。它读取宿主系统的 <filename>/etc/profile</filename> 文件 (可能包含一些设置和环境变量)，然后读取 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>。我们在 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 中使用 <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> 命令，新建一个除了 <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar> 以及 <envar>PS1</envar> 外没有任何环境变量的 shell，替换当前 shell，防止宿主环境中不必要和有潜在风险的环境变量进入编译环境。通过使用以上技巧，我们创建了一个干净环境。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For example, consider a package whose compilation time is 4.5 SBUs. This means that if your system took 10 minutes to compile and install the first pass of binutils, it will take <emphasis>approximately</emphasis> 45 minutes to build the example package. Fortunately, most build times are shorter than one SBU.
例如，考虑一个编译时间是 4.5 SBU 的软件包。如果在某个系统上，需要 10 分钟来编译和安装第一轮的 Binutils，那么<emphasis>大概</emphasis>需要 45 分钟才能构建这个软件包。幸运的是，多数软件包构建时间比 Binutils 少。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_addinguser — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is what the command line options mean:
命令行各选项的含义:
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
wheel
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
We do not recommend using customized optimizations. They can make a program run slightly faster, but they may also cause compilation difficulties, and problems when running the program. If a package refuses to compile with a customized optimization, try to compile it without optimization and see if that fixes the problem. Even if the package does compile when using a customized optimization, there is the risk it may have been compiled incorrectly because of the complex interactions between the code and the build tools. Also note that the <option>-march</option> and <option>-mtune</option> options using values not specified in the book have not been tested. This may cause problems with the toolchain packages (Binutils, GCC and Glibc). The small potential gains achieved by customizing compiler optimizations are often outweighed by the risks. First-time builders of LFS are encouraged to build without custom optimizations.
我们不推荐在编译中使用优化。编译优化可以使程序跑得稍微快一点，但也可能在编译或运行的过程中带来问题。如果一个软件包在打开优化时无法编译，试着关闭优化再编译它。即使一个软件包在打开优化时可以编译，由于源代码和编译工具的复杂相互作用，仍然存在编译不正确的风险。另外请注意，除本书明确说明外，设定 <option>-march</option> 和 <option>-mtune</option> 是未经验证的。它们可能在工具链软件包 (Binutils、GCC 和 Glibc) 中引发问题。使用编译优化带来的微小性能增益往往不值得冒编译错误的风险。我们建议第一次构建 LFS 的读者不要使用自定义的优化选项。这样，得到的系统仍然会运行得很快，而且会很稳定。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Udev
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are also several files in the /usr/lib and /usr/libexec directories with a file name extension of .la. These are "libtool archive" files. On a modern Linux system the libtool .la files are only useful for libltdl. No libraries in LFS are expected to be loaded by libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can break BLFS package builds. Remove those files now:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Pkgconf
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A <command>strip</command> command with the <parameter>--strip-unneeded</parameter> option removes all debug symbols from a binary or library. It also removes all symbol table entries not needed by the linker (for static libraries) or dynamic linker (for dynamically linked binaries and shared libraries).
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Libxcrypt
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Setuptools
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Flit-core
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Before building an LFS system, we urge you to read these articles:
在您开始构建 LFS 系统之前，我们建议您阅读下列材料：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_why — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
这个软件包包含管理访问控制列表 (ACL) 的工具，用来对文件和目录提供更细粒度的访问权限控制。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another key benefit of LFS is that it gives you control of the system without relying on someone else's Linux implementation. With LFS, you are in the driver's seat. <emphasis>You</emphasis> dictate every aspect of your system.
LFS 的另一个关键优势是，它允许您更好地控制您的系统，而不用依赖于其他人的 Linux 实现。您就像坐在驾驶座上一样，完全掌控系统的各个方面。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/index.html"> Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Version 3.0</ulink>
<ulink url="http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/index.html"> Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Version 3.0</ulink>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
System V is the classic boot process that has been used in Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux since about 1983. It consists of a small program, <command>init</command>, that sets up basic processes such as <command>login</command> (via getty) and runs a script. This script, usually named <command>rc</command>, controls the execution of a set of additional scripts that perform the tasks required to initialize the system.
System V 是自 1983 年以来就在 Unix 和 Linux 等类 Unix 系统中被广泛应用的经典引导过程。它包含一个小程序 <command>init</command>，该程序设定 <command>login</command> (通过 getty)并运行一个脚本。该脚本一般被命名为 <command>rc</command>，控制一组附加脚本的运行，这些附加脚本完成初始化系统需要的各项工作。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, we installed the udev daemon when <phrase revision="sysv">udev</phrase> <phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase> was built. Before we go into the details regarding how udev works, a brief history of previous methods of handling devices is in order.
在<xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>中，我们在构建 <phrase revision="sysv">eudev</phrase> <phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase> 时安装了 Udev 软件包。在我们详细讨论它的工作原理之前，首先按时间顺序简要介绍历史上曾经使用过的设备管理方式。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_locale — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Some environment variables are necessary for native language support. Setting them properly results in:
下面将创建的 <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> 设定本地语言支持需要的若干环境变量，正确设定它们可以带来以下好处：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_symlinks — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In the new naming scheme, typical network device names are something like enp5s0 or wlp3s0. If this naming convention is not desired, the traditional naming scheme, or a custom scheme, can be implemented.
在新的命名架构中，典型的网络设备名称就像 enp5s0 或 wlp3s0 这样。如果您不喜欢这种命名惯例，可以采用传统或自定义命名架构。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_systemd-custom — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename> file contains a set of options to control basic systemd operations. The default file has all entries commented out with the default settings indicated. This file is where the log level may be changed as well as some basic logging settings. See the <ulink role='man' url='&man;systemd-system.conf.5'>systemd-system.conf(5)</ulink> manual page for details on each configuration option.
<filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename> 文件包含一组控制 systemd 基本功能的选项。默认文件中所有条目都被注释掉，并标明了默认值。可以在这里修改日志级别，以及其他一些基本日志设定。参阅 <filename>systemd-system.conf(5)</filename> man 手册页面了解每个选项的详细信息。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Once again, let us recall that improper setting of <envar>LFS</envar> together with building as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, may render your computer unusable. This whole chapter must be done as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, with the environment as described in <xref linkend="ch-preps-settingenviron"/>.
再一次地，请注意如果 <envar>LFS</envar> 环境变量设置错误，而且使用 root 用户身份构建，可能导致您的电脑完全无法使用。本章应该以用户 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 身份完成，且环境变量应该如同<xref linkend="ch-preps-settingenviron"/>所述设置。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_reboot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Ensure a password is set for the &root; user.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A server is the simpler category. Generally this consists of a web server such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/apache.html">Apache HTTP Server</ulink> and a database server such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/mariadb.html">MariaDB</ulink>. However other services are possible. The operating system embedded in a single use device falls into this category.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter03_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Download locations may not always be accessible. If a download location has changed since this book was published, Google (<ulink url="https://www.google.com/"/>) provides a useful search engine for most packages. If this search is unsuccessful, try one of the alternative means of downloading at <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/mirrors.html#files"/>.
本书列出的下载位置可能失效。如果本书发布后，某个下载位置发生变化，可以用 Google (<ulink url="http://www.google.com/"/>) 提供的搜索引擎找到大多数软件包。如果搜索不到，尝试 <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/packages.html#packages"/> 给出的备用地址。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter03_patches — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Download: <ulink url="&patches-root;&bash-upstream-fixes-patch;"/>
下载地址：<ulink url="&patches-root;&bash-fixes-patch;"/>
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
As an alternative to installing a separate distribution on your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a commercial distribution.
您也可以选择不安装一个单独的发行版，而是使用某个商业发行版的 LiveCD。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Acl-&acl-version;
Bc &bc-version;
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If an issue or a question is encountered while working through this book, please check the FAQ page at <ulink url="&faq-root;#generalfaq"/>. Questions are often already answered there. If your question is not answered on that page, try to find the source of the problem. The following hint will give you some guidance for troubleshooting: <ulink url="&hints-root;errors.txt"/>.
如果您在按照本书工作的过程中遇到任何问题或者疑问，请先阅读位于 <ulink url="&faq-root;#generalfaq"/> 的常见问题列表，一般来说可以找到答案。如果您的问题没有被 FAQ 解决，试着找到问题的根源。这个指南指出了一些疑难问题的排查思路：<ulink url="&hints-root;errors.txt"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Chapter&nbsp;1 - Mailing Lists
邮件列表
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The next section is a technical introduction to the build process, while the following one presents <emphasis role="strong">very important</emphasis> general instructions.
下一节将给出构建过程的技术说明，再下一节包含<emphasis role="strong">非常重要</emphasis>的通用说明。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_generalinstructions — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Several packages are patched before compilation, but only when the patch is needed to circumvent a problem. A patch is often needed in both the current and the following chapters, but sometimes, when the same package is built more than once, the patch is not needed right away. Therefore, do not be concerned if instructions for a downloaded patch seem to be missing. Warning messages about <emphasis>offset</emphasis> or <emphasis>fuzz</emphasis> may also be encountered when applying a patch. Do not worry about these warnings; the patch was still successfully applied.
某些软件包在编译前需要打补丁，然而补丁只在绕过特定问题时才需要。补丁常常在本章和下一章都要使用，然而有时只在其中一章使用。因此，如果发现本书给出的步骤中没有使用某个下载好的补丁，这是正常的，不必担心。在应用补丁时可能会出现关于 <emphasis>offset</emphasis> 或者 <emphasis>fuzz</emphasis> 的警告信息。不用担心这些警告，补丁还是会成功应用到源码上的。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This build process is based on <emphasis>cross-compilation</emphasis>. Cross-compilation is normally used to build a compiler and its associated toolchain for a machine different from the one that is used for the build. This is not strictly necessary for LFS, since the machine where the new system will run is the same as the one used for the build. But cross-compilation has one great advantage: anything that is cross-compiled cannot depend on the host environment.
构建过程是基于<emphasis>交叉编译</emphasis>过程的。交叉编译通常被用于为一台与本机完全不同的计算机构建编译器及其工具链。这对于 LFS 并不严格必要，因为新系统运行的机器就是构建它时使用的。但是，交叉编译拥有一项重要优势，即任何交叉编译产生的程序都不可能依赖于宿主环境。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Procedures performed as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user after Section 2.4 must have the LFS environment variable set <emphasis>FOR THE ROOT USER</emphasis>.
在第 2.4 节之后，以 root 用户身份执行的步骤要求 LFS 环境变量已经 <emphasis>为 root 用户</emphasis>设置好。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Second, on a modern Linux system, the libtool .la files are only useful for libltdl. No libraries in LFS are loaded by libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can cause BLFS package failures. Remove those files now:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_creatingpartition — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Start a disk partitioning program such as <command>cfdisk</command> or <command>fdisk</command> with a command line option naming the hard disk on which the new partition will be created&mdash;for example <filename class="devicefile">/dev/sda</filename> for the primary disk drive. Create a Linux native partition and a <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> partition, if needed. Please refer to <ulink role='man' url='&man;cfdisk.8'>cfdisk(8)</ulink> or <ulink role='man' url='&man;fdisk.8'>fdisk(8)</ulink> if you do not yet know how to use the programs.
启动一个磁盘分区程序，例如 <command>cfdisk</command> 或者<command>fdisk</command>。在启动分区程序时需要一个命令行参数，表示希望创建新分区的硬盘，例如主硬盘 <filename class="devicefile">/dev/sda</filename>。创建一个 Linux 原生分区，如果有必要的话再创建一个 <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> 分区。请参考 <filename>cfdisk(8)</filename> 或者 <filename>fdisk(8)</filename> 来学习如何使用分区程序。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter02_hostreqs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate packages, often in the form of <literal><replaceable>&lt;package-name&gt;</replaceable>-devel</literal> or <literal><replaceable>&lt;package-name&gt;</replaceable>-dev</literal>. Be sure to install those if your distribution provides them.
您的宿主系统必须拥有下列软件，且版本不能低于我们给出的最低版本。对于大多数现代 Linux 发行版来说这不成问题。要注意的是，很多发行版会把软件的头文件放在单独的软件包中，这些软件包的名称往往是 <quote>&lt;软件包名&gt;-devel</quote> 或者 <quote>&lt;软件包名&gt;-dev</quote>。如果您的发行版为下列软件提供了这类软件包，一定要安装它们。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <parameter>-i</parameter> option given to the <command>env</command> command will clear all the variables in the chroot environment. After that, only the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, <envar>PS1</envar>, and <envar>PATH</envar> variables are set again. The <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct sets the <envar>TERM</envar> variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is needed so programs like <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command> can operate properly. If other variables are desired, such as <envar>CFLAGS</envar> or <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>, this is a good place to set them.
通过传递 <parameter>-i</parameter> 选项给 <command>env</command> 命令，可以清除 chroot 环境中的所有环境变量。随后，只重新设定 <envar>HOME</envar>，<envar>TERM</envar>，<envar>PS1</envar>，以及 <envar>PATH</envar> 变量。参数 <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> 将 chroot 环境中的 <envar>TERM</envar> 变量设为和 chroot 环境外相同的值。一些程序需要这个变量才能正常工作，例如 <command>vim</command> 和 <command>less</command>。如果需要设定其他变量，例如 <envar>CFLAGS</envar> 或 <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>，也可以在这里设定。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/appendices_dependencies — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For each package that is built, there are three, and sometimes up to five types of dependencies listed below. The first lists what other packages need to be available in order to compile and install the package in question. The second lists the packages that must be available when any programs or libraries from the package are used at runtime. The third lists what packages, in addition to those on the first list, need to be available in order to run the test suites. The fourth list of dependencies are packages that require this package to be built and installed in its final location before they are built and installed.
对于我们构建的每个软件包，我们都列出了三种甚至四种依赖关系。第一种列出了编译和安装该软件包需要的其他软件包。第二种列出了不属于第一种情况，但在运行该软件包测试套件时需要的其他软件包。第三种列出了在构建和安装前，需要该软件包已经构建并安装到最终位置的其他软件包。多数情况下，这是因为它们会在脚本中硬编码指向二进制程序的路径。如果不按照特定顺序构建，则最终的系统中某个脚本可能包含路径 /tools/bin/[二进制程序]，这显然是我们不希望的。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_abouttestsuites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A common issue with running the test suites for binutils and GCC is running out of pseudo terminals (PTYs). This can result in a large number of failing tests. This may happen for several reasons, but the most likely cause is that the host system does not have the <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file system set up correctly. This issue is discussed in greater detail at <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/faq.html#no-ptys"/>.
在运行 Binutils 和 GCC 的测试套件时，最普遍发生的问题是伪终端 (PTY) 被耗尽。这会导致大量测试出现失败结果。这种现象有多种可能原因，但最常见的原因是宿主系统没有正确设置 <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> 文件系统。关于这个问题的更多细节在 <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/faq.html#no-ptys"/> 中进行了讨论。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Programs in <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> will be compiled with a cross-compiler (more details can be found in section <xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"/>). This cross-compiler will be installed in a special directory, to separate it from the other programs. Still acting as &root;, create that directory with this command:
在 <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> 中，会使用交叉编译器编译程序 (细节参见<xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"/>一节)。为了将这个交叉编译器和其他程序分离，它会被安装在一个专门的目录。执行以下命令创建该目录：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis> shell, which does not read, and execute, the contents of the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or <filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads, and executes, the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:
新的 shell 实例是 <emphasis>非登录</emphasis> shell，它不会读取和执行 <filename>/etc/profile</filename> 或者 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 的内容，而是读取并执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件。现在我们就创建一个 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件：
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
SBUs are not entirely accurate because they depend on many factors, including the host system's version of GCC. They are provided here to give an estimate of how long it might take to install a package, but the numbers can vary by as much as dozens of minutes in some cases.
一般来说，SBU 不是完全准确的。这是由于它受到许多因素的影响，包括宿主系统的 GCC 版本。SBU 只能用来估计安装一个软件包可能需要的时间，估计结果的误差在个别情况下可能达到几十分钟。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Wheel is a Python library that is the reference implementation of the Python wheel packaging standard.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, we keep the optimizations enabled by the default configuration of the packages. In addition, we sometimes explicitly enable an optimized configuration provided by a package but not enabled by default. The package maintainers have already tested these configurations and consider them safe, so it's not likely they would break the build. Generally the default configuration already enables <option>-O2</option> or <option>-O3</option>, so the resulting system will still run very fast without any customized optimization, and be stable at the same time.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_man-pages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Man-pages package contains over 2,400 man pages.
Man-pages 软件包包含 2,200 多个 man 页面。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_findutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. Programs are provided to search through all the files in a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable unless the database has been updated recently). Findutils also supplies the <command>xargs</command> program, which can be used to run a specified command on each file selected by a search.
Findutils 软件包包含用于查找文件的程序。这些程序能够递归地搜索目录树，以及创建、维护和搜索文件数据库 (一般比递归搜索快，但在数据库最近没有更新时不可靠)。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Udev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_readline — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Readline package is a set of libraries that offer command-line editing and history capabilities.
Readline 软件包包含一些提供命令行编辑和历史记录功能的库。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The pkgconf package is a successor to pkg-config and contains a tool for passing the include path and/or library paths to build tools during the configure and make phases of package installations.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_coreutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Coreutils package contains the basic utility programs needed by every operating system.
Coreutils 软件包包含用于显示和设定系统基本属性的工具。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_bash — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again Shell.
Bash 软件包包含 Bourne-Again SHell。
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_gdbm — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. It is a library of database functions that uses extensible hashing and works like the standard UNIX dbm. The library provides primitives for storing key/data pairs, searching and retrieving the data by its key and deleting a key along with its data.
GDBM 软件包包含 GNU 数据库管理器。它是一个使用可扩展散列的数据库函数库，工作方法和标准 UNIX dbm 类似。该库提供用于存储键值对、通过键搜索和获取数据，以及删除键和对应数据的原语。