Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_expect — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Expect needs PTYs to work. Verify that the PTYs are working properly inside the chroot environment by performing a simple test:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Prepare Pkgconf for compilation:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_bash — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
First, fix some issues identified upstream:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Compile MarkupSafe with the following command:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Build the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Prepare Libxcrypt for compilation:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_dejagnu — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The upstream recommends building DejaGNU in a dedicated build directory:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Build the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Build the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_grep — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
First, remove a warning about using egrep and fgrep that makes tests on some packages fail:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_binutils-pass2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Binutils building system relies on an shipped libtool copy to link against internal static libraries, but the libiberty and zlib copies shipped in the package do not use libtool. This inconsistency may cause produced binaries mistakenly linked against libraries from the host distro. Work around this issue:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_file — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>file</command> command on the build host needs to be the same version as the one we are building in order to create the signature file. Run the following commands to make a temporary copy of the <command>file</command> command:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In order to properly build packages in chroot, you will also need to remember to mount the virtual file systems if they are not already mounted. One way to do this is to create a script on the <emphasis role="bold">HOST</emphasis> system:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The following steps are performed from outside the chroot environment. That means you have to leave the chroot environment first before continuing. The reason for that is to get access to file system locations outside of the chroot environment to store/read the backup archive, which ought not be placed within the <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> hierarchy.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_util-linux — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The FHS recommends using the <filename class="directory">/var/lib/hwclock</filename> directory instead of the usual <filename class="directory">/etc</filename> directory as the location for the <filename>adjtime</filename> file. Create this directory with:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_creatingdirs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The FHS does not mandate the existence of the directory <filename class="directory">/usr/lib64</filename>, and the LFS editors have decided not to use it. For the instructions in LFS and BLFS to work correctly, it is imperative that this directory be non-existent. From time to time you should verify that it does not exist, because it is easy to create it inadvertently, and this will probably break your system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_kernel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Building the linux kernel for the first time is one of the most challenging tasks in LFS. Getting it right depends on the specific hardware for the target system and your specific needs. There are almost 12,000 configuration items that are available for the kernel although only about a third of them are needed for most computers. The LFS editors recommend that users not familiar with this process follow the procedures below fairly closely. The objective is to get an initial system to a point where you can log in at the command line when you reboot later in <xref linkend="ch-finish-reboot"/>. At this point optimization and customization is not a goal.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="make">pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Remove two unneeded groups, <systemitem class="groupname">render</systemitem> and <systemitem class="groupname">sgx</systemitem>, from the default udev rules:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Unset any environment variables which may affect the build:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_expect — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="test">python3 -c 'from pty import spawn; spawn(["echo", "ok"])'</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/pkgconf-&pkgconf-version;</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="make">pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-hashes=strong,glibc \
--enable-obsolete-api=no \
--disable-static \
--disable-failure-tokens</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If a package is (directly or indirectly) linked to both the old and new names of a shared library (for example, the package links to both <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.2</filename> and <filename class='libraryfile'>libbar.so.1</filename>, while the latter links to <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.3</filename>), the package may malfunction because the different revisions of the shared library present incompatible definitions for some symbol names. This can be caused by recompiling some, but not all, of the packages linked to the old shared library after the package providing the shared library is upgraded. To avoid the issue, users will need to rebuild every package linked to a shared library with an updated revision (e.g. libfoo.so.2 to libfoo.so.3) as soon as possible.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter09_networkd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The interface names depend on the implementation and configuration of the udev daemon running on the system. The udev daemon for LFS (<command>systemd-udevd</command>, installed in <xref linkend="ch-system-systemd"/>) will not run unless the LFS system is booted. So it's unreliable to determine the interface names being used in LFS system by running those commands on the host distro, <emphasis>even though you are in the chroot environment</emphasis>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_file — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">mkdir build
pushd build
../configure --disable-bzlib \
--disable-libseccomp \
--disable-xzlib \
--disable-zlib
make
popd</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<command>cat &gt; ~/mount-virt.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
#!/bin/bash

function mountbind
{
if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then
$SUDO mount --bind /$1 $LFS/$1
echo $LFS/$1 mounted
else
echo $LFS/$1 already mounted
fi
}

function mounttype
{
if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then
$SUDO mount -t $2 $3 $4 $5 $LFS/$1
echo $LFS/$1 mounted
else
echo $LFS/$1 already mounted
fi
}

if [ $EUID -ne 0 ]; then
SUDO=sudo
else
SUDO=""
fi

if [ x$LFS == x ]; then
echo "LFS not set"
exit 1
fi

mountbind dev
mounttype dev/pts devpts devpts -o gid=5,mode=620
mounttype proc proc proc
mounttype sys sysfs sysfs
mounttype run tmpfs run
if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
install -v -d -m 1777 $LFS$(realpath /dev/shm)
else
mounttype dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev
fi

#mountbind usr/src
#mountbind boot
#mountbind home
EOF</command>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you have decided to make a backup, leave the chroot environment:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the mount options for devpts:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install Wheel with the following command:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_zstd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In the test output there are several places that indicate 'failed'. These are expected and only 'FAIL' is an actual test failure. There should be no test failures.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">sed -i -e 's/GROUP="render"/GROUP="video"/' \
-e 's/GROUP="sgx", //' rules.d/50-udev-default.rules.in</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_expect — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This command should output <computeroutput>ok</computeroutput>. If, instead, the output includes <computeroutput>OSError: out of pty devices</computeroutput>, then the environment is not set up for proper PTY operation. You need to exit from the chroot environment, read <xref linkend='ch-tools-kernfs'/> again, and ensure the <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file system (and other virtual kernel file systems) mounted correctly. Then reenter the chroot environment following <xref linkend='ch-tools-chroot'/>. This issue needs to be resolved before continuing, or the test suites requiring Expect (for example the test suites of Bash, Binutils, GCC, GDBM, and of course Expect itself) will fail catastrophically, and other subtle breakages may also happen.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_readline — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Now fix a problem identified upstream:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Compile the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This package does not come with a test suite.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the new configure options:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_meson — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The test suite requires some packages outside the scope of LFS.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If a package containing a shared library is updated, and the name of the library doesn't change, but the version number of the library <emphasis role="bold">file</emphasis> decreases (for example, the library is still named <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1</filename>, but the name of the library file is changed from <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.25</filename> to <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.24</filename>), you should remove the library file from the previously installed version (<filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.25</filename> in this case). Otherwise, a <command>ldconfig</command> command (invoked by yourself from the command line, or by the installation of some package) will reset the symlink <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1</filename> to point to the old library file because it seems to be a <quote>newer</quote> version; its version number is larger. This situation may arise if you have to downgrade a package, or if the authors change the versioning scheme for library files.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_file — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the new configure option:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Note that the last three commands in the script are commented out. These are useful if those directories are mounted as separate partitions on the host system and will be mounted when booting the completed LFS/BLFS system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter05_glibc — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The above command is correct. The <command>ln</command> command has several syntactic versions, so be sure to check <command>info coreutils ln</command> and <ulink role='man' url='&man;ln.1'>ln(1)</ulink> before reporting what may appear to be an error.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>exit</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>gid=5</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter10_kernel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If all else fails, you can ask for help on the <ulink url="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html">lfs-support</ulink> mailing list. Note that subscribing is required in order for the list to avoid spam.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --find-links=dist wheel</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_zstd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
To test the results, issue:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Remove one udev rule requiring a full Systemd installation:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Don't try <quote>tuning</quote> this package with custom compilation flags. This package is a bootloader. The low-level operations in the source code may be broken by aggressive optimization.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_readline — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">patch -Np1 -i ../&readline-fixes-patch;</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="make">make</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_coreutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Fix a security vulnerability in the <command>split</command> utility:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_dbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--runstatedir=/run</parameter> and <parameter>--with-system-socket=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist Jinja2</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--enable-hashes=strong,glibc</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist setuptools</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist flit_core</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If a package containing a shared library is updated, and the name of the library doesn't change, but a severe issue (especially, a security vulnerability) is fixed, all running programs linked to the shared library should be restarted. The following command, run as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> after the update is complete, will list which processes are using the old versions of those libraries (replace <replaceable>libfoo</replaceable> with the name of the library):
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_file — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--disable-*</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The script can be run with <command>bash ~/mount-virt.sh</command> as either a regular user (recommended) or as &root;. If run as a regular user, sudo is required on the host system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
All of the following instructions are executed by <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> on your host system. Take extra care about the commands you're going to run as mistakes made here can modify your host system. Be aware that the environment variable <envar>LFS</envar> is set for user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> by default but may <emphasis>not</emphasis> be set for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This ensures that all devpts-created device nodes are owned by group ID 5. This is the ID we will use later on for the <systemitem class="groupname">tty</systemitem> group. We use the group ID instead of a name, since the host system might use a different ID for its <systemitem class="groupname">tty</systemitem> group.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter04_addinguser — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you want to log in as &lfs-user; or switch to &lfs-user; from a non-&root; user (as opposed to switching to user &lfs-user; when logged in as &root;, which does not require the &lfs-user; user to have a password), you need to set a password for &lfs-user;. Issue the following command as the &root; user to set the password:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_autoconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
To test the results, issue:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Contents of Wheel
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_glibc — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Ensure that the <command>ldconfig</command> and <command>sln</command> utilities will be installed into <filename class="directory">/usr/sbin</filename>:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">sed '/systemd-sysctl/s/^/#/' -i rules.d/99-systemd.rules.in</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Add a file missing from the release tarball:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_psmisc — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
To run the test suite, run:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Install the package:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --no-user --find-links dist Markupsafe</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Contents of Jinja2
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Build strong hash algorithms recommended for security use cases, and the hash algorithms provided by traditional Glibc <systemitem class='library'>libcrypt</systemitem> for compatibility.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_meson — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist meson
install -vDm644 data/shell-completions/bash/meson /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/meson
install -vDm644 data/shell-completions/zsh/_meson /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_meson</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Contents of Setuptools
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the pip3 configuration options and commands:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>grep -l '<replaceable>libfoo</replaceable>.*deleted' /proc/*/maps | tr -cd 0-9\\n | xargs -r ps u</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_shadow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you wish to include <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> and/or <filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> in the <envar>PATH</envar> for some reason, modify the <envar>PATH</envar> in <filename>.bashrc</filename> after LFS has been built.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter06_file — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The configuration script attempts to use some packages from the host distribution if the corresponding library files exist. It may cause compilation failure if a library file exists, but the corresponding header files do not. These options prevent using these unneeded capabilities from the host.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another issue pointed out by the script is where to store downloaded package files. This location is arbitrary. It can be in a regular user's home directory such as ~/sources or in a global location like /usr/src. Our recommendation is not to mix BLFS sources and LFS sources in (from the chroot environment) /sources. In any case, the packages must be accessible inside the chroot environment.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Whenever commands are to be executed by <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, make sure you have set <envar>LFS</envar>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>mode=0620</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installed program
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Adjust the hardcoded paths to network configuration files for the standalone udev installation:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap='pre'>echo <literal>depends bli part_gpt</literal> &gt; grub-core/extra_deps.lst</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="install">make install</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Contents of MarkupSafe
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installed directory
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<parameter>--enable-obsolete-api=no</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Installed directory
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<command>wheel</command>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.1/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If <application>OpenSSH</application> is being used to access the system and it is linked to the updated library, you must restart the <command>sshd</command> service, then logout, login again, and run the preceding command again to confirm that nothing is still using the deleted libraries.