Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter10_kernel_sysv — English
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneral setup ---&gt;
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>ompile the kernel with warnings as errors [WERROR]
<emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>PU/Task time and stats accounting ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>ressure stall information tracking [PSI]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>R</emphasis>equire boot parameter to enable pressure stall information tracking
... [PSI_DEFAULT_DISABLED]
&lt; &gt; <emphasis role='blue'>E</emphasis>nable kernel headers through /sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz [IKHEADERS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>ontrol Group support ---&gt; [CGROUPS]
[*] M<emphasis role='blue'>e</emphasis>mory controller [MEMCG]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>onfigure standard kernel features (expert users) ---&gt; [EXPERT]

<emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>rocessor type and features ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>B</emphasis>uild a relocatable kernel [RELOCATABLE]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>R</emphasis>andomize the address of the kernel image (KASLR) [RANDOMIZE_BASE]

<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneral architecture-dependent options ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>tack Protector buffer overflow detection [STACKPROTECTOR]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>trong Stack Protector [STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG]

<emphasis role='blue'>D</emphasis>evice Drivers ---&gt;
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneric Driver Options ---&gt;
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>upport for uevent helper [UEVENT_HELPER]
[*] M<emphasis role='blue'>a</emphasis>intain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [DEVTMPFS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>A</emphasis>utomount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs
... [DEVTMPFS_MOUNT]
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>raphics support ---&gt;
<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>rame buffer Devices ---&gt;
&lt;*&gt; <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>upport for frame buffer devices ---&gt; [FB]
<emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>onsole display driver support ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>ramebuffer Console support [FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE]
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneral setup ---&gt;
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>ompile the kernel with warnings as errors [WERROR]
<emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>PU/Task time and stats accounting ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>ressure stall information tracking [PSI]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>R</emphasis>equire boot parameter to enable pressure stall information tracking
... [PSI_DEFAULT_DISABLED]
&lt; &gt; <emphasis role='blue'>E</emphasis>nable kernel headers through /sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz [IKHEADERS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>ontrol Group support ---&gt; [CGROUPS]
[*] M<emphasis role='blue'>e</emphasis>mory controller [MEMCG]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>onfigure standard kernel features (expert users) ---&gt; [EXPERT]

<emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>rocessor type and features ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>B</emphasis>uild a relocatable kernel [RELOCATABLE]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>R</emphasis>andomize the address of the kernel image (KASLR) [RANDOMIZE_BASE]

<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneral architecture-dependent options ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>tack Protector buffer overflow detection [STACKPROTECTOR]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>trong Stack Protector [STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG]

<emphasis role='blue'>D</emphasis>evice Drivers ---&gt;
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneric Driver Options ---&gt;
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>upport for uevent helper [UEVENT_HELPER]
[*] M<emphasis role='blue'>a</emphasis>intain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [DEVTMPFS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>A</emphasis>utomount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs
... [DEVTMPFS_MOUNT]
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>raphics support ---&gt;
<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>rame buffer Devices ---&gt;
&lt;*&gt; <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>upport for frame buffer devices ---&gt; [FB]
<emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>onsole display driver support ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>ramebuffer Console support [FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE]
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter10_kernel_systemd — English
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneral setup ---&gt;
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>ompile the kernel with warnings as errors [WERROR]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>A</emphasis>uditing support [AUDIT]
<emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>PU/Task time and stats accounting ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>ressure stall information tracking [PSI]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>R</emphasis>equire boot parameter to enable pressure stall information tracking
... [PSI_DEFAULT_DISABLED]
&lt; &gt; <emphasis role='blue'>E</emphasis>nable kernel headers through /sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz [IKHEADERS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>ontrol Group support ---&gt; [CGROUPS]
[*] M<emphasis role='blue'>e</emphasis>mory controller [MEMCG]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>onfigure standard kernel features (expert users) ---&gt; [EXPERT]

<emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>rocessor type and features ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>B</emphasis>uild a relocatable kernel [RELOCATABLE]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>R</emphasis>andomize the address of the kernel image (KASLR) [RANDOMIZE_BASE]

<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneral architecture-dependent options ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>tack Protector buffer overflow detection [STACKPROTECTOR]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>trong Stack Protector [STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG]

[*] N<emphasis role='blue'>e</emphasis>tworking support ---&gt; [NET]
N<emphasis role='blue'>e</emphasis>tworking options ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>T</emphasis>CP/IP networking [INET]
&lt;*&gt; <emphasis role='blue'>T</emphasis>he IPv6 protocol ---&gt; [IPV6]

<emphasis role='blue'>D</emphasis>evice Drivers ---&gt;
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneric Driver Options ---&gt;
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>upport for uevent helper [UEVENT_HELPER]
[*] M<emphasis role='blue'>a</emphasis>intain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [DEVTMPFS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>A</emphasis>utomount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs
... [DEVTMPFS_MOUNT]
<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>irmware loader ---&gt;
&lt; /*&gt; <emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>irmware loading facility [FW_LOADER]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>E</emphasis>nable the firmware sysfs fallback mechanism
... [FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER]
<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>irmware Drivers ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>E</emphasis>xport DMI identification via sysfs to userspace [DMIID]
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>raphics support ---&gt;
<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>rame buffer Devices ---&gt;
&lt;*&gt; <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>upport for frame buffer devices ---&gt; [FB]
<emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>onsole display driver support ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>ramebuffer Console support [FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE]

<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>ile systems ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>I</emphasis>notify support for userspace [INOTIFY_USER]
<emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>seudo filesystems ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>T</emphasis>mpfs virtual memory file system support (former shm fs) [TMPFS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>T</emphasis>mpfs POSIX Access Control Lists [TMPFS_POSIX_ACL]
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneral setup ---&gt;
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>ompile the kernel with warnings as errors [WERROR]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>A</emphasis>uditing support [AUDIT]
<emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>PU/Task time and stats accounting ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>ressure stall information tracking [PSI]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>R</emphasis>equire boot parameter to enable pressure stall information tracking
... [PSI_DEFAULT_DISABLED]
&lt; &gt; <emphasis role='blue'>E</emphasis>nable kernel headers through /sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz [IKHEADERS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>ontrol Group support ---&gt; [CGROUPS]
[*] M<emphasis role='blue'>e</emphasis>mory controller [MEMCG]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>onfigure standard kernel features (expert users) ---&gt; [EXPERT]

<emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>rocessor type and features ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>B</emphasis>uild a relocatable kernel [RELOCATABLE]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>R</emphasis>andomize the address of the kernel image (KASLR) [RANDOMIZE_BASE]

<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneral architecture-dependent options ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>tack Protector buffer overflow detection [STACKPROTECTOR]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>trong Stack Protector [STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG]

[*] N<emphasis role='blue'>e</emphasis>tworking support ---&gt; [NET]
N<emphasis role='blue'>e</emphasis>tworking options ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>T</emphasis>CP/IP networking [INET]
&lt;*&gt; <emphasis role='blue'>T</emphasis>he IPv6 protocol ---&gt; [IPV6]

<emphasis role='blue'>D</emphasis>evice Drivers ---&gt;
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>eneric Driver Options ---&gt;
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>upport for uevent helper [UEVENT_HELPER]
[*] M<emphasis role='blue'>a</emphasis>intain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [DEVTMPFS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>A</emphasis>utomount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs
... [DEVTMPFS_MOUNT]
<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>irmware loader ---&gt;
&lt; /*&gt; <emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>irmware loading facility [FW_LOADER]
[ ] <emphasis role='blue'>E</emphasis>nable the firmware sysfs fallback mechanism
... [FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER]
<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>irmware Drivers ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>E</emphasis>xport DMI identification via sysfs to userspace [DMIID]
<emphasis role='blue'>G</emphasis>raphics support ---&gt;
<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>rame buffer Devices ---&gt;
&lt;*&gt; <emphasis role='blue'>S</emphasis>upport for frame buffer devices ---&gt; [FB]
<emphasis role='blue'>C</emphasis>onsole display driver support ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>ramebuffer Console support [FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE]

<emphasis role='blue'>F</emphasis>ile systems ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>I</emphasis>notify support for userspace [INOTIFY_USER]
<emphasis role='blue'>P</emphasis>seudo filesystems ---&gt;
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>T</emphasis>mpfs virtual memory file system support (former shm fs) [TMPFS]
[*] <emphasis role='blue'>T</emphasis>mpfs POSIX Access Control Lists [TMPFS_POSIX_ACL]
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In this section, we begin populating the LFS filesystem with the pieces that will constitute the final Linux system. The first step is to create a limited directory hierarchy, so that the programs compiled in <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> (as well as glibc and libstdc++ in <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>) can be installed in their final location. We do this so those temporary programs will be overwritten when the final versions are built in <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>.
在 LFS 分区中需要进行的第一项任务是，创建一个有限的目录树，使得在<xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>中编译的程序可以被安装到它们的最终位置。这样，在<xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>中重新构建它们时，就能直接覆盖这些临时程序。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Many people would like to know beforehand approximately how long it takes to compile and install each package. Because Linux From Scratch can be built on many different systems, it is impossible to provide absolute time estimates. The biggest package (gcc) will take approximately 5 minutes on the fastest systems, but could take days on slower systems! Instead of providing actual times, the Standard Build Unit (SBU) measure will be used instead.
许多人想在编译和安装各个软件包之前，了解这一过程大概需要多少时间。由于 Linux From Scratch 可以在许多不同系统上构建，我们无法直接给出估计时间。例如，最大的软件包 (Glibc) 在最快的系统上只要大约 20 分钟就能构建好，而在一些较慢的系统上需要 3 天！因此，我们不提供实际时间，而是以标准构建单位 (SBU) 衡量时间。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_aboutdebug — English
Most programs and libraries are, by default, compiled with debugging symbols included (with <command>gcc</command>'s <parameter>-g</parameter> option). This means that when debugging a program or library that was compiled with debugging information, the debugger can provide not only memory addresses, but also the names of the routines and variables.
Most programs and libraries are, by default, compiled with debugging symbols included (with <command>gcc</command>'s <parameter>-g</parameter> option). This means that when debugging a program or library that was compiled with debugging information, the debugger can provide not only memory addresses, but also the names of the routines and variables.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/prologue_architecture — English
The primary target architectures of LFS are the AMD/Intel x86 (32-bit) and x86_64 (64-bit) CPUs. On the other hand, the instructions in this book are also known to work, with some modifications, with the Power PC and ARM CPUs. To build a system that utilizes one of these alternative CPUs, the main prerequisite, in addition to those on the next page, is an existing Linux system such as an earlier LFS installation, Ubuntu, Red Hat/Fedora, SuSE, or some other distribution that targets that architecture. (Note that a 32-bit distribution can be installed and used as a host system on a 64-bit AMD/Intel computer.)
The primary target architectures of LFS are the AMD/Intel x86 (32-bit) and x86_64 (64-bit) CPUs. On the other hand, the instructions in this book are also known to work, with some modifications, with the Power PC and ARM CPUs. To build a system that utilizes one of these alternative CPUs, the main prerequisite, in addition to those on the next page, is an existing Linux system such as an earlier LFS installation, Ubuntu, Red Hat/Fedora, SuSE, or some other distribution that targets that architecture. (Note that a 32-bit distribution can be installed and used as a host system on a 64-bit AMD/Intel computer.)
Linux From Scratch 12.0/prologue_architecture — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The primary target architectures of LFS are the AMD/Intel x86 (32-bit) and x86_64 (64-bit) CPUs. On the other hand, the instructions in this book are also known to work, with some modifications, with the Power PC and ARM CPUs. To build a system that utilizes one of these alternative CPUs, the main prerequisite, in addition to those on the next page, is an existing Linux system such as an earlier LFS installation, Ubuntu, Red Hat/Fedora, SuSE, or some other distribution that targets that architecture. (Note that a 32-bit distribution can be installed and used as a host system on a 64-bit AMD/Intel computer.)
LFS 的主要目标架构是 AMD/Intel 的 x86 (32 位) 和 x86_64 (64 位) CPU。此外，如果对本书中的一些指令作适当的修改，它们也应该适用于 Power PC 和 ARM 架构的 CPU。无论在其中哪种 CPU 上，构建 LFS 都至少需要一个现有的 Linux 系统，例如已经构建好的 LFS 系统，Ubuntu，Rad Hat/Fedora，SuSE，或者其他支持您的硬件架构的发行版，后文中还会介绍其他前提条件。另外，32 位发行版也能在 64 位的 AMD/Intel 计算机上正常运行，并作为 LFS 的构建环境。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/prologue_errata — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in this release of LFS need any modifications&mdash;to repair security vulnerabilities or to fix other bugs&mdash;please visit <ulink url="&errata;"/> before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and apply them to the relevant sections of the book as you build the LFS system.
用于构建 LFS 系统的软件处于不断更新和改进的过程中。在本书发布后，一些软件可能公布安全警告和漏洞修复补丁。为了确认本书提供的软件包版本或者构建命令是否需要修正，以反映最新的安全补丁或其他漏洞修复，请在开始构建 LFS 之前阅读 <ulink revision="sysv" url="&errata;"/> <ulink revision="systemd" url="&erratad;"/>。您应该关注勘误表列出的所有修正项，并在构建过程中注意对本书的相关章节进行修正。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter01_changelog — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This is version &version; of the Linux From Scratch book, dated &releasedate;. If this book is more than six months old, a newer and better version is probably already available. To find out, please check one of the mirrors via <ulink url="&lfs-root;mirrors.html"/>.
这是 Linux From Scratch 手册的 <phrase revision="sysv">&version;</phrase> <phrase revision="systemd">&versiond;</phrase> 版本，发布于 &releasedate;。如果该版本已经发布了六个月或更久，可能已经发布了更好的新版本。如果要查询是否有新版本，通过 <ulink url="&lfs-root;mirrors.html"/> 访问一个 LFS 镜像站。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/appendices_acknowledgments — English
We would like to thank the following people and organizations for their contributions to the Linux From Scratch Project.
We would like to thank the following people and organizations for their contributions to the Linux From Scratch Project.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/appendices_acknowledgments — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
We would like to thank the following people and organizations for their contributions to the Linux From Scratch Project.
我们希望感谢以下人员和组织对 Linux From Scratch 项目作出的贡献：
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — English
<xref linkend="ch-config-network" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-network" role="."/>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="ch-config-network" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-network"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter10_fstab — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/fstab

# file system mount-point type options dump fsck
# order

/dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> / <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> defaults 1 1
/dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> swap swap pri=1 0 0
proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0
cgroup2 /sys/fs/cgroup cgroup2 nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0

# End /etc/fstab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/fstab

# 文件系统 挂载点 类型 选项 转储 检查
# 顺序

/dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> / <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> defaults 1 1
/dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> swap swap pri=1 0 0
proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0

# End /etc/fstab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_creatingminlayout — English
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}

for i in bin lib sbin; do
ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i
done

case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}

for i in bin lib sbin; do
ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i
done

case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}

for i in bin lib sbin; do
ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i
done

case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{bin,etc,lib,sbin,usr,var}
case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_settingenviron — English
When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, or when switched to the &lfs-user; user using an <command>su</command> command with the <quote><parameter>-</parameter></quote> option, the initial shell is a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>. The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment.
When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, or when switched to the &lfs-user; user using an <command>su</command> command with the <quote><parameter>-</parameter></quote> option, the initial shell is a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>. The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, or when switched to the &lfs-user; user using an <command>su</command> command with the <quote><parameter>-</parameter></quote> option, the initial shell is a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>. The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment.
在以 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 用户登录时，初始的 shell 一般是一个<emphasis>登录</emphasis> shell。它读取宿主系统的 <filename>/etc/profile</filename> 文件 (可能包含一些设置和环境变量)，然后读取 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>。我们在 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 中使用 <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> 命令，新建一个除了 <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar> 以及 <envar>PS1</envar> 外没有任何环境变量的 shell，替换当前 shell，防止宿主环境中不必要和有潜在风险的环境变量进入编译环境。通过使用以上技巧，我们创建了一个干净环境。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another key benefit of LFS is that it gives you control of the system without relying on someone else's Linux implementation. With LFS, you are in the driver's seat. <emphasis>You</emphasis> dictate every aspect of your system.
LFS 的另一个关键优势是，它允许您更好地控制您的系统，而不用依赖于其他人的 Linux 实现。您就像坐在驾驶座上一样，完全掌控系统的各个方面。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — English
<xref linkend="ch-config-hostname" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-hostname" role="."/>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="ch-config-hostname" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-hostname"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter06_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Once again, let us recall that improper setting of <envar>LFS</envar> together with building as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, may render your computer unusable. This whole chapter must be done as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, with the environment as described in <xref linkend="ch-preps-settingenviron"/>.
再一次地，请注意如果 <envar>LFS</envar> 环境变量设置错误，而且使用 root 用户身份构建，可能导致您的电脑完全无法使用。本章应该以用户 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 身份完成，且环境变量应该如同<xref linkend="ch-preps-settingenviron"/>所述设置。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter03_packages — English
Download or otherwise obtain the following packages:
Download or otherwise obtain the following packages:
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter03_packages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Download or otherwise obtain the following packages:
下载或者用其他方法获取下列软件包。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Procedures performed as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user after Section 2.4 must have the LFS environment variable set <emphasis>FOR THE ROOT USER</emphasis>.
在第 2.4 节之后，以 root 用户身份执行的步骤要求 LFS 环境变量已经 <emphasis>为 root 用户</emphasis>设置好。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
From this point on, there is no need to use the <envar>LFS</envar> variable any more because all work will be restricted to the LFS file system; the <command>chroot</command> command runs the Bash shell with the root (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory set to <filename class='directory'>$LFS</filename>.
从现在开始，就不再需要使用 <envar>LFS</envar> 环境变量，因为所有工作都被局限在 LFS 文件系统内。这是由于 Bash 被告知 <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> 现在是根目录 (<filename class="directory">/</filename>)。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_kmod — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Kmod package contains libraries and utilities for loading kernel modules
Kmod 软件包包含用于加载内核模块的库和工具。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_findutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. Programs are provided to search through all the files in a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable unless the database has been updated recently). Findutils also supplies the <command>xargs</command> program, which can be used to run a specified command on each file selected by a search.
Findutils 软件包包含用于查找文件的程序。这些程序能够递归地搜索目录树，以及创建、维护和搜索文件数据库 (一般比递归搜索快，但在数据库最近没有更新时不可靠)。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — English
<xref linkend="ch-config-hosts" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-hosts" role="."/>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="ch-config-hosts" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-hosts"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_theend — English
Well done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much success with your shiny new custom-built Linux system.
Well done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much success with your shiny new custom-built Linux system.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_theend — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Well done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much success with your shiny new custom-built Linux system.
很好！现在新的 LFS 系统已经安装好了！我们祝愿您的全新的，自定义的 Linux 系统能够成功启动！
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_chroot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Notice that <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> is not in the <envar>PATH</envar>. This means that the cross toolchain will no longer be used.
注意 <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> 不在 <envar>PATH</envar> 中。这意味着交叉工具链在 chroot 环境中不被再使用。这还需要保证 shell 不<quote>记忆</quote>执行过的程序的位置 —— 因此需要传递 <parameter>+h</parameter> 参数给 <command>bash</command> 以关闭散列功能。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_settingenviron — English
<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_stripping — English
Note that <command>strip</command> will overwrite the binary or library file it is processing. This can crash the processes using code or data from the file. If the process running <command>strip</command> is affected, the binary or library being stripped can be destroyed; this can make the system completely unusable. To avoid this problem we copy some libraries and binaries into <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>, strip them there, then reinstall them with the <command>install</command> command. (The related entry in <xref linkend="pkgmgmt-upgrade-issues"/> gives the rationale for using the <command>install</command> command here.)
Note that <command>strip</command> will overwrite the binary or library file it is processing. This can crash the processes using code or data from the file. If the process running <command>strip</command> is affected, the binary or library being stripped can be destroyed; this can make the system completely unusable. To avoid this problem we copy some libraries and binaries into <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>, strip them there, then reinstall them with the <command>install</command> command. (The related entry in <xref linkend="pkgmgmt-upgrade-issues"/> gives the rationale for using the <command>install</command> command here.)
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_consoled — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> file should contain lines of the form: VARIABLE="value". The following variables are recognized:
<filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> 文件的每一行都应该符合格式：变量名="值"，
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <systemitem class='domainname'>linuxfromscratch.org</systemitem> server hosts a number of mailing lists used for the development of the LFS project. These lists include the main development and support lists, among others. If you cannot find an answer to your problem on the FAQ page, the next step would be to search the mailing lists at <ulink url="&lfs-root;search.html"/>.
服务器 <uri>linuxfromscratch.org</uri> 管理了若干用于 LFS项目开发过程的邮件列表，其中有主要的开发列表和技术支持列表，以及其他辅助列表。如果 FAQ 不能解决您的问题，您可以访问 <ulink url="&lfs-root;search.html"/> 在邮件列表中进行搜索。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_creatingdirs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{include,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/local/{bin,lib,sbin}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput>
<userinput>mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_kernfs — English
During a normal boot of an LFS system, the kernel automatically mounts the <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system on the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory; the kernel creates device nodes on that virtual file system during the boot process, or when a device is first detected or accessed. The udev daemon may change the ownership or permissions of the device nodes created by the kernel, and create new device nodes or symlinks, to ease the work of distro maintainers and system administrators. (See <xref linkend='ch-config-udev-device-node-creation'/> for details.) If the host kernel supports &devtmpfs;, we can simply mount a &devtmpfs; at <filename class='directory'>$LFS/dev</filename> and rely on the kernel to populate it.
During a normal boot of an LFS system, the kernel automatically mounts the <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system on the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory; the kernel creates device nodes on that virtual file system during the boot process, or when a device is first detected or accessed. The udev daemon may change the ownership or permissions of the device nodes created by the kernel, and create new device nodes or symlinks, to ease the work of distro maintainers and system administrators. (See <xref linkend='ch-config-udev-device-node-creation'/> for details.) If the host kernel supports &devtmpfs;, we can simply mount a &devtmpfs; at <filename class='directory'>$LFS/dev</filename> and rely on the kernel to populate it.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
During a normal boot of an LFS system, the kernel automatically mounts the <systemitem class="filesystem">devtmpfs</systemitem> file system on the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory; the kernel creates device nodes on that virtual file system during the boot process, or when a device is first detected or accessed. The udev daemon may change the ownership or permissions of the device nodes created by the kernel, and create new device nodes or symlinks, to ease the work of distro maintainers and system administrators. (See <xref linkend='ch-config-udev-device-node-creation'/> for details.) If the host kernel supports &devtmpfs;, we can simply mount a &devtmpfs; at <filename class='directory'>$LFS/dev</filename> and rely on the kernel to populate it.
用设备文件填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录的推荐方法是挂载一个虚拟文件系统 (例如 <systemitem class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem>) 到 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>，然后在设备被发现或访问时动态地创建设备文件。这个工作通常由 Udev 在系统引导时完成。然而，我们的新系统还没有 Udev，也没有被引导过，因此必须手工挂载和填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>。这可以通过绑定挂载宿主系统的 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录就实现。绑定挂载是一种特殊挂载类型，它允许在另外的位置创建某个目录或挂载点的映像。运行以下命令进行绑定挂载：
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter10_grub — English
Ensure that an emergency boot disk is ready to <quote>rescue</quote> the computer if the computer becomes unusable (un-bootable). If you do not already have a boot device, you can create one. In order for the procedure below to work, you need to jump ahead to BLFS and install <userinput>xorriso</userinput> from the <ulink url="&blfs-book;multimedia/libisoburn.html"> libisoburn</ulink> package.
Ensure that an emergency boot disk is ready to <quote>rescue</quote> the computer if the computer becomes unusable (un-bootable). If you do not already have a boot device, you can create one. In order for the procedure below to work, you need to jump ahead to BLFS and install <userinput>xorriso</userinput> from the <ulink url="&blfs-book;multimedia/libisoburn.html"> libisoburn</ulink> package.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter10_grub — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Ensure that an emergency boot disk is ready to <quote>rescue</quote> the computer if the computer becomes unusable (un-bootable). If you do not already have a boot device, you can create one. In order for the procedure below to work, you need to jump ahead to BLFS and install <userinput>xorriso</userinput> from the <ulink url="&blfs-book;multimedia/libisoburn.html"> libisoburn</ulink> package.
您务必保证自己拥有一个紧急引导磁盘，它在计算机不可用 (无法引导) 时能够 <quote>抢修</quote> 计算机。如果您现在还没有引导设备，您可以执行以下命令创建一个。在运行下列命令前，您需要跳到 BLFS，安装包含 <userinput>xorriso</userinput> 的 <ulink url="&blfs-book;multimedia/libisoburn.html">libisoburn</ulink> 软件包：
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The meaning of the settings in <filename>.bashrc</filename>
<filename>.bashrc</filename> 中设定的含义：
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_inputrc — English
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inputrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn &lt;roryo@roryo.dynup.net&gt;

# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off

# Enable 8-bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On

# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off

# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On

# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none

# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word

# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert

# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line

# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line

# End /etc/inputrc</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inputrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn &lt;roryo@roryo.dynup.net&gt;

# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off

# Enable 8-bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On

# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off

# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On

# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none

# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word

# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert

# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line

# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line

# End /etc/inputrc</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — English
<xref linkend="ch-config-udev" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-udev" role="."/>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="ch-config-udev" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-udev"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
These two chapters <emphasis>must</emphasis> be done as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>. A <command>su - lfs</command> command must be issued before performing any task in these chapters. If you don't do that, you are at risk of installing packages to the host, and potentially rendering it unusable.
这两章的步骤必须由用户 <emphasis>lfs</emphasis> 完成。在完成这些步骤时，必须先执行 <command>su - lfs</command> 命令。否则，您可能会将软件包安装到宿主系统上，这可能导致宿主系统无法使用。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_kernfs — English
But some host kernels lack &devtmpfs; support; these host distros use different methods to create the content of <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>. So the only host-agnostic way to populate the <filename class="directory">$LFS/dev</filename> directory is by bind mounting the host system's <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that makes a directory subtree or a file visible at some other location. Use the following command to do this.
But some host kernels lack &devtmpfs; support; these host distros use different methods to create the content of <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>. So the only host-agnostic way to populate the <filename class="directory">$LFS/dev</filename> directory is by bind mounting the host system's <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that makes a directory subtree or a file visible at some other location. Use the following command to do this.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_kernfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
But some host kernels lack &devtmpfs; support; these host distros use different methods to create the content of <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>. So the only host-agnostic way to populate the <filename class="directory">$LFS/dev</filename> directory is by bind mounting the host system's <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that makes a directory subtree or a file visible at some other location. Use the following command to do this.
用设备文件填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录的推荐方法是挂载一个虚拟文件系统 (例如 <systemitem class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem>) 到 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>，然后在设备被发现或访问时动态地创建设备文件。这个工作通常由 Udev 在系统引导时完成。然而，我们的新系统还没有 Udev，也没有被引导过，因此必须手工挂载和填充 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>。这可以通过绑定挂载宿主系统的 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 目录就实现。绑定挂载是一种特殊挂载类型，它允许在另外的位置创建某个目录或挂载点的映像。运行以下命令进行绑定挂载：
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — English
<xref linkend="ch-config-symlinks" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-symlinks" role="."/>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="ch-config-symlinks" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-symlinks"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_systemd-custom — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The boot messages can always be reviewed by using the <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> command as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user.
您总是可以用 root 身份运行 <userinput>journalctl -b</userinput> 命令，查阅引导消息。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter01_askforhelp — English
Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being experienced, any request for help should include these essential things:
Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being experienced, any request for help should include these essential things:
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter01_askforhelp — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being experienced, any request for help should include these essential things:
除了简要描述您遇到的问题外，您应该在求助邮件中附带下列必要信息。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — English
Let us first define some terms used in this context.
Let us first define some terms used in this context.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Let us first define some terms used in this context.
首先我们定义讨论交叉编译时常用的术语：
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another consideration is the method that is used to log into the host system. If logging in through a graphical display manager, the user's <filename>.bash_profile</filename> is not normally used when a virtual terminal is started. In this case, add the export command to the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file for the user and <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. In addition, some distributions use an "if" test, and do not run the remaining <filename>.bashrc</filename> instructions for a non-interactive bash invocation. Be sure to place the export command ahead of the test for non-interactive use.
另外还要考虑登录宿主系统的方式，如果您使用图形显示管理器登录，再启动虚拟终端，那么 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 一般不会被虚拟终端执行。此时，应该将 export 命令加入到您使用的用户和 root 用户的 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件中。另外，如果以非交互模式启动 bash，有的发行版不会执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 中的指令。此时一定要在使用环境变量前添加 export 命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>set +h</command> command turns off <command>bash</command>'s hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature&mdash;<command>bash</command> uses a hash table to remember the full path to executable files to avoid searching the <envar>PATH</envar> time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are installed. Switching off the hash function forces the shell to search the <envar>PATH</envar> whenever a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> as soon as they are available without remembering a previous version of the same program provided by the host distro, in <filename class='directory'>/usr/bin</filename> or <filename class='directory'>/bin</filename>.
<command>set +h</command> 命令关闭 <command>bash</command> 的散列功能。一般情况下，散列是很有用的 —— <command>bash</command> 使用一个散列表维护各个可执行文件的完整路径，这样就不用每次都在 <envar>PATH</envar> 指定的目录中搜索可执行文件。然而，在构建 LFS 时，我们希望总是使用最新安装的工具。因此，需要关闭散列功能，使得 shell 在运行程序时总是搜索 <envar>PATH</envar>。这样，shell 总是能够找到 <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> 目录中那些最新编译的工具，而不是使用之前记忆的另一个目录中的程序。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_udev — English
The main problem with the approach adopted by <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was the way it handled device detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is generally accepted that if device names are configurable, the device naming policy should be chosen by system administrators, and not imposed on them by the developer(s). The <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> file system also suffered from race conditions that were inherent in its design; these could not be fixed without a substantial revision of the kernel. <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was marked as deprecated for a long time, and was finally removed from the kernel in June, 2006.
The main problem with the approach adopted by <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was the way it handled device detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is generally accepted that if device names are configurable, the device naming policy should be chosen by system administrators, and not imposed on them by the developer(s). The <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> file system also suffered from race conditions that were inherent in its design; these could not be fixed without a substantial revision of the kernel. <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was marked as deprecated for a long time, and was finally removed from the kernel in June, 2006.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The main problem with the approach adopted by <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was the way it handled device detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is generally accepted that if device names are configurable, the device naming policy should be chosen by system administrators, and not imposed on them by the developer(s). The <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> file system also suffered from race conditions that were inherent in its design; these could not be fixed without a substantial revision of the kernel. <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was marked as deprecated for a long time, and was finally removed from the kernel in June, 2006.
<systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> 实现机制的主要问题是它处理设备的检测、创建和命名的方式，其中最致命的或许最后一项，即设备节点命名方式。通常认为，如果设备名称是可配置的，那么设备命名策略应该由系统管理员，而不是某个 (某些)特定开发者决定。<systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> 还受到其设计中固有的竞争条件的严重影响，在不对内核进行大量修改的前提下无法修复这一问题。由于缺乏维护，它早已被标记为过时特性，最终在 2006 年 6 月被从内核中移除。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_profile — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and other classes. This is necessary for <command>bash</command> to properly accept non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English locales
字符被正确分类为字母，数字，以及其他类型。在非英文 locale 中，这对于使 <command>bash</command> 正确接受命令行中的非 ASCII 字符是必要的。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter01_resources — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Several members of the LFS community offer assistance via Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Before using this support, please make sure your question is not already answered in the LFS FAQ or the mailing list archives. You can find the IRC network at <systemitem class='domainname'>irc.libera.chat</systemitem>. The support channel is named #lfs-support.
LFS 社区的几个成员通过因特网中继聊天系统 (IRC) 提供支援。在使用这一渠道之前，首先保证您的问题并没有被 LFS FAQ 和邮件列表解决。您可以在 <uri>irc.freenode.net</uri> 找到 IRC 网络，支持频道的名字是 #LFS-support。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — English
<xref linkend="ch-config-clock" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-clock" role="."/>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="ch-config-clock" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-clock"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A few operations, from <quote>Changing Ownership</quote> to <quote>Entering the Chroot Environment</quote>, must be done as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, with the LFS environment variable set for the &root; user.
从 <quote>改变所有权</quote> 到 <quote>进入 Chroot 环境</quote> 的一些操作必须以 root 身份完成，且 LFS 环境变量必须为 root 用户设定。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_createfiles — English
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; EOF
<literal>127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)
::1 localhost</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; EOF
<literal>127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)
::1 localhost</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_createfiles — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; EOF
<literal>127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)
::1 localhost</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>echo "127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)" &gt; /etc/hosts</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_gmp — English
<userinput><parameter>ABI=32</parameter> ./configure ...</userinput>
<userinput><parameter>ABI=32</parameter> ./configure ...</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_zstd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Compile the package:
编译该软件包
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_iproute2 — English
The <command>arpd</command> program included in this package will not be built since it depends on Berkeley DB, which is not installed in LFS. However, a directory and a man page for <command>arpd</command> will still be installed. Prevent this by running the commands shown below. (If the <command>arpd</command> program is needed, instructions for compiling Berkeley DB can be found in the BLFS book at <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/db.html"/>.)
The <command>arpd</command> program included in this package will not be built since it depends on Berkeley DB, which is not installed in LFS. However, a directory and a man page for <command>arpd</command> will still be installed. Prevent this by running the commands shown below. (If the <command>arpd</command> program is needed, instructions for compiling Berkeley DB can be found in the BLFS book at <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/db.html"/>.)
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_iproute2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>arpd</command> program included in this package will not be built since it depends on Berkeley DB, which is not installed in LFS. However, a directory and a man page for <command>arpd</command> will still be installed. Prevent this by running the commands shown below. (If the <command>arpd</command> program is needed, instructions for compiling Berkeley DB can be found in the BLFS book at <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/db.html"/>.)
该软件包中的 <command>arpd</command> 程序依赖于 LFS 不安装的 Berkeley DB，因此不会被构建。然而，用于 <command>arpd</command> 的一个目录和它的 man 页面仍会被安装。运行以下命令以防止它们的安装。如果需要使用 <command>arpd</command> 二进制程序，参考 BLFS 手册中的 Berkeley DB 编译说明，它位于 <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/db.html"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_coreutils — English
POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs.
POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs.
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_coreutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs.
POSIX 要求 Coreutils 中的程序即使在多字节 locale 中也能正确识别字符边界。下面应用一个补丁，以解决 Coreutils 不满足该要求的问题，并修复其他一些国际化相关的 bug：
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_ninja — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When run, <command>ninja</command> normally utilizes the greatest possible number of processes in parallel. By default this is the number of cores on the system, plus two. This may overheat the CPU, or make the system run out of memory. When <command>ninja</command> is invoked from the command line, passing the -jN parameter will limit the number of parallel processes. Some packages embed the execution of <command>ninja</command>, and do not pass the -j parameter on to it.
在运行时，ninja 一般尽量并行运行更多进程。默认情况下最大进程数是系统 CPU 核心数加 2 得到的值。某些情况下，这样会导致 CPU 过热，或者耗尽系统内存。如果使用命令行执行 ninja，可以传递 -jN 参数以限制并行进程数，但某些软件包内嵌了 ninja 的执行过程，且并不传递 -j 参数。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_systemd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Remove two unneeded groups, <systemitem class="groupname">render</systemitem> and <systemitem class="groupname">sgx</systemitem>, from the default udev rules:
从默认的 udev 规则中删除不必要的组 <systemitem class="groupname">render</systemitem>：
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — English
<xref linkend="ch-config-console" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-console" role="."/>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter09_introductiond — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="ch-config-console" role="."/>
<xref linkend="ch-config-console"/>。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When entering chroot, the LFS environment variable must be set for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. The LFS variable is not used after the chroot environment has been entered.
在进入 chroot 环境时，LFS 环境变量必须为 root 设置好。之后就不需要 LFS 变量。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter07_perl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">sh Configure -des \
-Dprefix=/usr \
-Dvendorprefix=/usr \
-Duseshrplib \
-Dprivlib=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/core_perl \
-Darchlib=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/core_perl \
-Dsitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/site_perl \
-Dsitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/site_perl \
-Dvendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/vendor_perl \
-Dvendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/vendor_perl</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">sh Configure -des \
-Dprefix=/usr \
-Dvendorprefix=/usr \
-Dprivlib=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/core_perl \
-Darchlib=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/core_perl \
-Dsitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/site_perl \
-Dsitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/site_perl \
-Dvendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/vendor_perl \
-Dvendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version-min;/vendor_perl</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_libffi — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Like GMP, Libffi builds with optimizations specific to the processor in use. If building for another system, change the value of the <parameter>--with-gcc-arch=</parameter> parameter in the following command to an architecture name fully implemented by the CPU on that system. If this is not done, all applications that link to <filename class='libraryfile'>libffi</filename> will trigger Illegal Operation Errors.
和 GMP 类似，libffi 在构建时会使用特定于当前处理器的优化。如果是在为另一台计算机构建系统，请导出 CFLAGS 和 CXXFLAGS 环境变量，为您的架构指定较为通用的构建目标。否则，所有链接到 libffi 的程序都可能触发非法指令异常。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_flex — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-&flex-version; \
--disable-static</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-&flex-version;</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_dbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--localstatedir=/var \
--runstatedir=/run \
--enable-user-session \
--disable-static \
--disable-doxygen-docs \
--disable-xml-docs \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/dbus-&dbus-version; \
--with-system-socket=/run/dbus/system_bus_socket</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--localstatedir=/var \
--disable-static \
--disable-doxygen-docs \
--disable-xml-docs \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/dbus-&dbus-version; \
--with-console-auth-dir=/run/console</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_ncurses — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--mandir=/usr/share/man \
--with-shared \
--without-debug \
--without-normal \
--with-cxx-shared \
--enable-pc-files \
--enable-widec \
--with-pkg-config-libdir=/usr/lib/pkgconfig</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--mandir=/usr/share/man \
--with-shared \
--without-debug \
--without-normal \
--enable-pc-files \
--enable-widec</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_dejagnu — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">mkdir -v build
cd build</userinput>
<userinput remap="test">make check</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_procps — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-&procps-ng-version; \
--disable-static \
--disable-kill</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--exec-prefix= \
--libdir=/usr/lib \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-&procps-ng-version; \
--disable-static \
--disable-kill</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_inetutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/usr/bin \
--localstatedir=/var \
--disable-logger \
--disable-whois \
--disable-rcp \
--disable-rexec \
--disable-rlogin \
--disable-rsh \
--disable-servers</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--localstatedir=/var \
--disable-logger \
--disable-whois \
--disable-rcp \
--disable-rexec \
--disable-rlogin \
--disable-rsh \
--disable-servers</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_man-db — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-&man-db-version; \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--disable-setuid \
--enable-cache-owner=bin \
--with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx \
--with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \
--with-grap=/usr/bin/grap</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">sed -i '/find/s@/usr@@' init/systemd/man-db.service.in

./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-&man-db-version; \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--disable-setuid \
--enable-cache-owner=bin \
--with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx \
--with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \
--with-grap=/usr/bin/grap</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_systemd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">sed -i -e 's/GROUP="render"/GROUP="video"/' \
-e 's/GROUP="sgx", //' rules.d/50-udev-default.rules.in</userinput>
<userinput remap="pre">sed -i 's/GROUP="render", //' rules.d/50-udev-default.rules.in</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_acl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/acl-&acl-version;</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--libexecdir=/usr/lib \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/acl-&acl-version;</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_tar — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 \
./configure --prefix=/usr</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 \
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter06_binutils-pass2 — English
<userinput remap="pre">sed '6009s/$add_dir//' -i ltmain.sh</userinput>
<userinput remap="pre">sed '6009s/$add_dir//' -i ltmain.sh</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter06_binutils-pass2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="pre">sed '6009s/$add_dir//' -i ltmain.sh</userinput>
<userinput remap="pre">mkdir -v build
cd build</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter06_findutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(build-aux/config.guess)</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(build-aux/config.guess)</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter06_coreutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
--enable-install-program=hostname \
--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime \
gl_cv_macro_MB_CUR_MAX_good=y</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
--enable-install-program=hostname \
--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter06_tar — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(build-aux/config.guess)</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
--bindir=/bin</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter06_diffutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(./build-aux/config.guess)</userinput>
<userinput remap="configure">./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter02_stages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The virtual file systems must be mounted. This can be done before or after entering chroot by changing to a host virtual terminal and, as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, running the commands in <xref linkend='ch-tools-bindmount'/> and <xref linkend='ch-tools-kernfsmount'/>.
虚拟文件系统必须挂载好。在进入 chroot 环境之前，请切换到一个宿主系统的虚拟终端，以 root 身份执行<xref linkend='ch-tools-bindmount'/>和<xref linkend='ch-tools-kernfsmount'/>中的命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter10_kernel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For general information on kernel configuration see <ulink url="&hints-root;kernel-configuration.txt"/>. Additional information about configuring and building the kernel can be found at <ulink url="&anduin-sources;/kernel-nutshell/"/>. These references are a bit dated, but still give a reasonable overview of the process.
阅读 <ulink url="&hints-root;kernel-configuration.txt"/> 了解关于内核配置的一般信息。BLFS 包含一些关于 LFS 之外的软件包需要的特定内核配置的信息，位于<ulink url="&blfs-book;longindex.html#kernel-config-index"/> 。另外在 <ulink url="http://www.kroah.com/lkn/"/> 也有一些关于配置和构建内核的信息。
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter08_gmp — English
The default settings of GMP produce libraries optimized for the host processor. If libraries suitable for processors less capable than the host's CPU are desired, generic libraries can be created by appending the <option>--host=none-linux-gnu</option> option to the <command>configure</command> command.
The default settings of GMP produce libraries optimized for the host processor. If libraries suitable for processors less capable than the host's CPU are desired, generic libraries can be created by appending the <option>--host=none-linux-gnu</option> option to the <command>configure</command> command.