Linux From Scratch 11.3/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified) @ LFS Translation Server: The meaning of the settings in <filename>.bashrc</filename>

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	Setting Up the Environment	配置环境
	Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup files for the <command>bash</command> shell. While logged in as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, issue the following command to create a new <filename>.bash_profile</filename>:	为了配置一个良好的工作环境，我们为 <command>bash</command> 创建两个新的启动脚本。以 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 的身份，执行以下命令，创建一个新的 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>：
	<userinput>cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF" <literal>exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash</literal> EOF</userinput>	<userinput>cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF" <literal>exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash</literal> EOF</userinput>
	When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, or when switched to the &lfs-user; user using an <command>su</command> command with the <quote><parameter>-</parameter></quote> option, the initial shell is a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>. The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment.	在以 <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 用户登录时，初始的 shell 一般是一个<emphasis>登录</emphasis> shell。它读取宿主系统的 <filename>/etc/profile</filename> 文件 (可能包含一些设置和环境变量)，然后读取 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>。我们在 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 中使用 <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> 命令，新建一个除了 <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar> 以及 <envar>PS1</envar> 外没有任何环境变量的 shell，替换当前 shell，防止宿主环境中不必要和有潜在风险的环境变量进入编译环境。通过使用以上技巧，我们创建了一个干净环境。
	The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis> shell, which does not read, and execute, the contents of the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or <filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads, and executes, the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:	新的 shell 实例是 <emphasis>非登录</emphasis> shell，它不会读取和执行 <filename>/etc/profile</filename> 或者 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 的内容，而是读取并执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件。现在我们就创建一个 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件：
	<userinput>cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF" <literal>set +h umask 022 LFS=/mnt/lfs LC_ALL=POSIX LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu PATH=/usr/bin if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE</literal> EOF</userinput>	<userinput>cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF" <literal>set +h umask 022 LFS=/mnt/lfs LC_ALL=POSIX LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu PATH=/usr/bin if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</literal> EOF</userinput>
	The meaning of the settings in <filename>.bashrc</filename>	<filename>.bashrc</filename> 中设定的含义：
	<parameter>set +h</parameter>	<parameter>set +h</parameter>
	The <command>set +h</command> command turns off <command>bash</command>'s hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature—<command>bash</command> uses a hash table to remember the full path to executable files to avoid searching the <envar>PATH</envar> time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are installed. Switching off the hash function forces the shell to search the <envar>PATH</envar> whenever a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> as soon as they are available without remembering a previous version of the same program provided by the host distro, in <filename class='directory'>/usr/bin</filename> or <filename class='directory'>/bin</filename>.	<command>set +h</command> 命令关闭 <command>bash</command> 的散列功能。一般情况下，散列是很有用的 —— <command>bash</command> 使用一个散列表维护各个可执行文件的完整路径，这样就不用每次都在 <envar>PATH</envar> 指定的目录中搜索可执行文件。然而，在构建 LFS 时，我们希望总是使用最新安装的工具。因此，需要关闭散列功能，使得 shell 在运行程序时总是搜索 <envar>PATH</envar>。这样，shell 总是能够找到 <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools</filename> 目录中那些最新编译的工具，而不是使用之前记忆的另一个目录中的程序。
	<parameter>umask 022</parameter>	<parameter>umask 022</parameter>
	Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that newly created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are readable and executable by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the <function>open(2)</function> system call, new files will end up with permission mode 644 and directories with mode 755).	将用户的文件创建掩码 (umask) 设定为 022，保证只有文件所有者可以写新创建的文件和目录，但任何人都可读取、执行它们。(如果 <function>open(2)</function> 系统调用使用默认模式，则新文件将具有权限码 644，而新目录具有权限码 755)。
	<parameter>LFS=/mnt/lfs</parameter>	<parameter>LFS=/mnt/lfs</parameter>
	The <envar>LFS</envar> variable should be set to the chosen mount point.	<envar>LFS</envar> 环境变量必须被设定为之前选择的挂载点。
	<parameter>LC_ALL=POSIX</parameter>	<parameter>LC_ALL=POSIX</parameter>
	The <envar>LC_ALL</envar> variable controls the localization of certain programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified country. Setting <envar>LC_ALL</envar> to <quote>POSIX</quote> or <quote>C</quote> (the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will work as expected in the cross-compilation environment.	<envar>LC_ALL</envar> 环境变量控制某些程序的本地化行为，使得它们以特定国家的语言和惯例输出消息。将 <envar>LC_ALL</envar> 设置为 <quote>POSIX</quote> 或者 <quote>C</quote>(这两种设置是等价的) 可以保证在 chroot 环境中所有命令的行为完全符合预期，而与宿主的本地化设置无关。
	<parameter>LFS_TGT=(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu</parameter>	<parameter>LFS_TGT=(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu</parameter>
	The <envar>LFS_TGT</envar> variable sets a non-default, but compatible machine description for use when building our cross-compiler and linker and when cross-compiling our temporary toolchain. More information is provided by <xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" role=""/>.	<envar>LFS_TGT</envar>变量设定了一个非默认，但与宿主系统兼容的机器描述符。该描述符被用于构建交叉编译器和交叉编译临时工具链。<xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" role=""/>包含了关于这个描述符的更多信息。
	<parameter>PATH=/usr/bin</parameter>	<parameter>PATH=/usr/bin</parameter>
	Many modern Linux distributions have merged <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> and <filename class="directory">/usr/bin</filename>. When this is the case, the standard <envar>PATH</envar> variable should be set to <filename class="directory">/usr/bin/</filename> for the <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> environment. When this is not the case, the following line adds <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> to the path.	许多现代 Linux 发行版合并了 <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> 和 <filename class="directory">/usr/bin</filename>。在这种情况下，标准 <envar>PATH</envar> 变量只需要被设定为 <filename class="directory">/usr/bin</filename>，即可满足<xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>的环境。否则，后续命令将会增加 <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> 到搜索路径中。
	<parameter>if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi</parameter>	<parameter>if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi</parameter>
	If <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> is not a symbolic link, it must be added to the <envar>PATH</envar> variable.	如果 <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> 不是符号链接，则它需要被添加到 <envar>PATH</envar> 变量中。
	<parameter>PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH</parameter>	<parameter>PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH</parameter>

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