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Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Setting the $LFS Variable and the Umask
设置 $LFS 环境变量
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Throughout this book, the environment variable <envar>LFS</envar> will be used several times. You should ensure that this variable is always defined throughout the LFS build process. It should be set to the name of the directory where you will be building your LFS system - we will use <filename class="directory">/mnt/lfs</filename> as an example, but you may choose any directory name you want. If you are building LFS on a separate partition, this directory will be the mount point for the partition. Choose a directory location and set the variable with the following command:
在本书中，我们经常使用环境变量 <envar>LFS</envar>。您应该保证，在构建 LFS 的全过程中，该变量都被定义且设置为您构建 LFS 使用的目录 —— 我们使用 <filename class="directory">/mnt/lfs</filename> 作为例子，但您可以选择其他目录。如果您在一个独立的分区上构建 LFS，那么这个目录将成为该分区的挂载点。选择一个目录，然后用以下命令设置环境变量：
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Having this variable set is beneficial in that commands such as <command>mkdir -v $LFS/tools</command> can be typed literally. The shell will automatically replace <quote>$LFS</quote> with <quote>/mnt/lfs</quote> (or whatever value the variable was set to) when it processes the command line.
设置该环境变量的好处是，我们可以直接输入书中的命令，例如 <command>mkdir -v $LFS/tools</command>。Shell 在解析命令时会自动将 <quote>$LFS</quote> 替换成 <quote>/mnt/lfs</quote> (或是您设置的其他值)。
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Now set the file mode creation mask (umask) to <literal>022</literal> in case the host distro uses a different default:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>umask 022</userinput>
<userinput>echo $LFS</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Setting the umask to 022 ensures that newly created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are readable and searchable (only for directories) by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the <ulink role='man' url='&man;open.2'>open(2)</ulink> system call, new files will end up with permission mode 644 and directories with mode 755). An overly-permissive default can leave security holes in the LFS system, and an overly-restrictive default can cause strange issues building or using the LFS system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Do not forget to check that <envar>LFS</envar> is set and the umask is set to <literal>022</literal> whenever you leave and reenter the current working environment (such as when doing a <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> or another user). Check that the <envar>LFS</envar> variable is set up properly with:
无论何时，如果您离开并重新进入了工作环境，一定要确认 <envar>LFS</envar> 的设定值和您离开工作环境时相同。(例如，使用 <command>su</command> 切换到 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> 或者其他用户时。) 请执行以下命令，检查 <envar>LFS</envar> 的设置是否正确：
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Make sure the output shows the path to your LFS system's build location, which is <filename class="directory">/mnt/lfs</filename> if the provided example was followed.
确认该命令的输出是您构建 LFS 的位置，如果您使用本书提供的例子，那么输出应该是 <filename class="directory">/mnt/lfs</filename>。如果输出不正确，使用前文给出的命令，将 <envar>$LFS</envar> 设置成正确的目录名。
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Check that the umask is set up properly with:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>umask</userinput>
<userinput>echo $LFS</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The output may be <computeroutput>0022</computeroutput> or <computeroutput>022</computeroutput> (the number of leading zeros depends on the host distro).
 
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If any output of these two commands is incorrect, use the command given earlier on this page to set <envar>$LFS</envar> to the correct directory name and set umask to <literal>022</literal>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
One way to ensure that the <envar>LFS</envar> variable and the umask are always set properly is to edit the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file in both your personal home directory and in <filename>/root/.bash_profile</filename> and enter the <command>export</command> and <command>umask</command> commands above. In addition, the shell specified in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file for all users that need the <envar>LFS</envar> variable must be bash to ensure that the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file is incorporated as a part of the login process.
确保 <envar>LFS</envar> 始终正确的一种方法是：编辑您的主目录中的 <filename>.bash_profile</filename>，以及<filename>/root/.bash_profile</filename>，为它们加入上述设置并导出 LFS 变量的 export 命令。还要确认 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 中为每个需要使用 <envar>LFS</envar> 变量的用户指定的 shell 都是 bash，以保证每次登录时都执行 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 中的命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.3/chapter02_aboutlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another consideration is the method that is used to log into the host system. If logging in through a graphical display manager, the user's <filename>.bash_profile</filename> is not normally used when a virtual terminal is started. In this case, add the commands to the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file for the user and <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>. In addition, some distributions use an "if" test, and do not run the remaining <filename>.bashrc</filename> instructions for a non-interactive bash invocation. Be sure to place the commands ahead of the test for non-interactive use.
另外还要考虑登录宿主系统的方式，如果您使用图形显示管理器登录，再启动虚拟终端，那么 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 一般不会被虚拟终端执行。此时，应该将 export 命令加入到您使用的用户和 root 用户的 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件中。另外，如果以非交互模式启动 bash，有的发行版不会执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 中的指令。此时一定要在使用环境变量前添加 export 命令。