2. Linux From Scratch 12.2
3. chapter11_afterlfs
4. Search

Filters

• Untranslated strings • state:empty
• Unfinished strings • state:<translated
• Translated strings • state:>=translated
• Strings marked for edit • state:needs-editing
• Strings with suggestions • has:suggestion
• Strings with variants • has:variant
• Strings with screenshots • has:screenshot
• Strings with labels • has:label
• Strings with context • has:context
• Unfinished strings without suggestions • state:<translated AND NOT has:suggestion
• Strings with comments • has:comment
• Strings with any failing checks • has:check
• Approved strings • state:approved
• Strings waiting for review • state:translated

state:empty

Position and priority

• Position and priority
• Position
• Priority
• Labels
• Source string
• Target string
• String age
• Last updated
• Number of words
• Number of comments
• Number of failing checks
• Key
• String location

	Translation	Source string	Target string
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Getting Started After LFS
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Getting Started After LFS
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Deciding what to do next
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Deciding what to do next
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Now that LFS is complete and you have a bootable system, what do you do? The next step is to decide how to use it. Generally, there are two broad categories to consider: workstation or server. Indeed, these categories are not mutually exclusive. The applications needed for each category can be combined onto a single system, but let's look at them separately for now.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Now that LFS is complete and you have a bootable system, what do you do? The next step is to decide how to use it. Generally, there are two broad categories to consider: workstation or server. Indeed, these categories are not mutually exclusive. The applications needed for each category can be combined onto a single system, but let's look at them separately for now.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	A server is the simpler category. Generally this consists of a web server such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/apache.html">Apache HTTP Server</ulink> and a database server such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/mariadb.html">MariaDB</ulink>. However other services are possible. The operating system embedded in a single use device falls into this category.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	A server is the simpler category. Generally this consists of a web server such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/apache.html">Apache HTTP Server</ulink> and a database server such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/mariadb.html">MariaDB</ulink>. However other services are possible. The operating system embedded in a single use device falls into this category.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	In addition to the above, there is a set of applications for system management for all kinds of systems. These applications are all in the BLFS book. Not all packages are needed in every environments. For example <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/dhcpcd.html">dhcpcd</ulink>, is not normally appropriate for a server and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wireless_tools.html">wireless_tools</ulink>, are normally only useful for a laptop system.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	In addition to the above, there is a set of applications for system management for all kinds of systems. These applications are all in the BLFS book. Not all packages are needed in every environments. For example <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/dhcpcd.html">dhcpcd</ulink>, is not normally appropriate for a server and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wireless_tools.html">wireless_tools</ulink>, are normally only useful for a laptop system.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Working in a basic LFS environment
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Working in a basic LFS environment
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	When you initially boot into LFS, you have all the internal tools to build additional packages. Unfortunately, the user environment is quite sparse. There are a couple of ways to improve this:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	When you initially boot into LFS, you have all the internal tools to build additional packages. Unfortunately, the user environment is quite sparse. There are a couple of ways to improve this:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Work from the LFS host in chroot
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Work from the LFS host in chroot
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	This method provides a complete graphical environment where a full featured browser and copy/paste capabilities are available. This method allows using applications like the host's version of wget to download package sources to a location available when working in the chroot environment.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	This method provides a complete graphical environment where a full featured browser and copy/paste capabilities are available. This method allows using applications like the host's version of wget to download package sources to a location available when working in the chroot environment.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	In order to properly build packages in chroot, you will also need to remember to mount the virtual file systems if they are not already mounted. One way to do this is to create a script on the <emphasis role="bold">HOST</emphasis> system:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	In order to properly build packages in chroot, you will also need to remember to mount the virtual file systems if they are not already mounted. One way to do this is to create a script on the <emphasis role="bold">HOST</emphasis> system:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	<command>cat &gt; ~/mount-virt.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF" #!/bin/bash function mountbind { if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then $SUDO mount --bind /$1 $LFS/$1 echo $LFS/$1 mounted else echo $LFS/$1 already mounted fi } function mounttype { if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then $SUDO mount -t $2 $3 $4 $5 $LFS/$1 echo $LFS/$1 mounted else echo $LFS/$1 already mounted fi } if [ $EUID -ne 0 ]; then SUDO=sudo else SUDO="" fi if [ x$LFS == x ]; then echo "LFS not set" exit 1 fi mountbind dev mounttype dev/pts devpts devpts -o gid=5,mode=620 mounttype proc proc proc mounttype sys sysfs sysfs mounttype run tmpfs run if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then install -v -d -m 1777 $LFS$(realpath /dev/shm) else mounttype dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev fi #mountbind usr/src #mountbind boot #mountbind home EOF</command>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	<command>cat &gt; ~/mount-virt.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF" #!/bin/bash function mountbind { if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then $SUDO mount --bind /$1 $LFS/$1 echo $LFS/$1 mounted else echo $LFS/$1 already mounted fi } function mounttype { if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then $SUDO mount -t $2 $3 $4 $5 $LFS/$1 echo $LFS/$1 mounted else echo $LFS/$1 already mounted fi } if [ $EUID -ne 0 ]; then SUDO=sudo else SUDO="" fi if [ x$LFS == x ]; then echo "LFS not set" exit 1 fi mountbind dev mounttype dev/pts devpts devpts -o gid=5,mode=620 mounttype proc proc proc mounttype sys sysfs sysfs mounttype run tmpfs run if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then install -v -d -m 1777 $LFS$(realpath /dev/shm) else mounttype dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev fi #mountbind usr/src #mountbind boot #mountbind home EOF</command>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Note that the last three commands in the script are commented out. These are useful if those directories are mounted as separate partitions on the host system and will be mounted when booting the completed LFS/BLFS system.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Note that the last three commands in the script are commented out. These are useful if those directories are mounted as separate partitions on the host system and will be mounted when booting the completed LFS/BLFS system.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	The script can be run with <command>bash ~/mount-virt.sh</command> as either a regular user (recommended) or as &root;. If run as a regular user, sudo is required on the host system.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	The script can be run with <command>bash ~/mount-virt.sh</command> as either a regular user (recommended) or as &root;. If run as a regular user, sudo is required on the host system.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Another issue pointed out by the script is where to store downloaded package files. This location is arbitrary. It can be in a regular user's home directory such as ~/sources or in a global location like /usr/src. Our recommendation is not to mix BLFS sources and LFS sources in (from the chroot environment) /sources. In any case, the packages must be accessible inside the chroot environment.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Another issue pointed out by the script is where to store downloaded package files. This location is arbitrary. It can be in a regular user's home directory such as ~/sources or in a global location like /usr/src. Our recommendation is not to mix BLFS sources and LFS sources in (from the chroot environment) /sources. In any case, the packages must be accessible inside the chroot environment.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	A last convenience feature presented here is to streamline the process of entering the chroot environment. This can be done with an alias placed in a user's ~/.bashrc file on the host system:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	A last convenience feature presented here is to streamline the process of entering the chroot environment. This can be done with an alias placed in a user's ~/.bashrc file on the host system:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	<command>alias lfs='sudo /usr/sbin/chroot /mnt/lfs /usr/bin/env -i HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1="\u:\w\\\\$ " PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin /bin/bash --login'</command>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	<command>alias lfs='sudo /usr/sbin/chroot /mnt/lfs /usr/bin/env -i HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1="\u:\w\\\\$ " PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin /bin/bash --login'</command>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	This alias is a little tricky because of the quoting and levels of backslash characters. It must be all on a single line. The above command has been split in two for presentation purposes.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	This alias is a little tricky because of the quoting and levels of backslash characters. It must be all on a single line. The above command has been split in two for presentation purposes.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Work remotely via ssh
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Work remotely via ssh
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	This method also provides a full graphical environment, but first requires installing <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/openssh.html">sshd</ulink> on the LFS system, usually in chroot. It also requires a second computer. This method has the advantage of being simple by not requiring the complexity of the chroot environment. It also uses your LFS built kernel for all additional packages and still provides a complete system for installing packages.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	This method also provides a full graphical environment, but first requires installing <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/openssh.html">sshd</ulink> on the LFS system, usually in chroot. It also requires a second computer. This method has the advantage of being simple by not requiring the complexity of the chroot environment. It also uses your LFS built kernel for all additional packages and still provides a complete system for installing packages.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	You may use the <command>scp</command> command to upload the package sources to be built onto the LFS system. If you want to download the sources onto the LFS system directly instead, install <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/libtasn1.html">libtasn1</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/p11-kit.html">p11-kit</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/make-ca.html">make-ca</ulink>, and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wget.html">wget</ulink> in chroot (or upload their sources using <command>scp</command> after booting the LFS system).
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	You may use the <command>scp</command> command to upload the package sources to be built onto the LFS system. If you want to download the sources onto the LFS system directly instead, install <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/libtasn1.html">libtasn1</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/p11-kit.html">p11-kit</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/make-ca.html">make-ca</ulink>, and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wget.html">wget</ulink> in chroot (or upload their sources using <command>scp</command> after booting the LFS system).
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Work from the LFS command line
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	Work from the LFS command line
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	This method requires installing <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/libtasn1.html">libtasn1</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/p11-kit.html">p11-kit</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/make-ca.html">make-ca</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wget.html">wget</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/gpm.html">gpm</ulink>, and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/links.html">links</ulink> (or <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/lynx.html">lynx</ulink>) in chroot and then rebooting into the new LFS system. At this point the default system has six virtual consoles. Switching consoles is as easy as using the <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> key combinations where <keycap>Fx</keycap> is between <keycap>F1</keycap> and <keycap>F6</keycap>. The <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap function='left'/> </keycombo> and <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap function='right'/> </keycombo> combinations also will change the console.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	This method requires installing <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/libtasn1.html">libtasn1</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/p11-kit.html">p11-kit</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/make-ca.html">make-ca</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wget.html">wget</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/gpm.html">gpm</ulink>, and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/links.html">links</ulink> (or <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/lynx.html">lynx</ulink>) in chroot and then rebooting into the new LFS system. At this point the default system has six virtual consoles. Switching consoles is as easy as using the <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> key combinations where <keycap>Fx</keycap> is between <keycap>F1</keycap> and <keycap>F6</keycap>. The <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap function='left'/> </keycombo> and <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap function='right'/> </keycombo> combinations also will change the console.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	At this point you can log into two different virtual consoles and run the links or lynx browser in one console and bash in the other. GPM then allows copying commands from the browser with the left mouse button, switching consoles, and pasting into the other console.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	At this point you can log into two different virtual consoles and run the links or lynx browser in one console and bash in the other. GPM then allows copying commands from the browser with the left mouse button, switching consoles, and pasting into the other console.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	As a side note, switching of virtual consoles can also be done from an X Window instance with the <keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> key combination, but the mouse copy operation does not work between the graphical interface and a virtual console. You can return to the X Window display with the <keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> combination, where <keycap>Fx</keycap> is usually <keycap>F1</keycap> but may be <keycap>F7</keycap>.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish	As a side note, switching of virtual consoles can also be done from an X Window instance with the <keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> key combination, but the mouse copy operation does not work between the graphical interface and a virtual console. You can return to the X Window display with the <keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> combination, where <keycap>Fx</keycap> is usually <keycap>F1</keycap> but may be <keycap>F7</keycap>.