141 strings / 5317 words

Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
System V Bootscript Usage and Configuration
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Bootscripts
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
usage
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
How Do the System V Bootscripts Work?
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This version of LFS uses a special booting facility named SysVinit, based on a series of <emphasis>run levels</emphasis>. The boot procedure can be quite different from one system to another; the fact that things worked one way in a particular Linux distribution does not guarantee they will work the same way in LFS. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it does respect generally accepted standards.
Linux 使用一种称为 SysVinit 的特殊引导架构，它基于<emphasis>运行级别</emphasis> (run-level) 的概念而构建。不同系统的 SysVinit 可能会区别很大，因此不能假设那些在某个 Linux 发行版上正常工作的方法也能在 LFS 正常工作。LFS 有一些独特的工作方式，但它也遵守被广泛接受的标准。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
This version of LFS uses a special booting facility named SysVinit, based on a series of <emphasis>run levels</emphasis>. The boot procedure can be quite different from one system to another; the fact that things worked one way in a particular Linux distribution does not guarantee they will work the same way in LFS. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it does respect generally accepted standards.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There is an alternative boot procedure called <command>systemd</command>. We will not discuss that boot process any further here. For a detailed description visit <ulink url="https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/understanding-and-using-systemd/"/>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
There is an alternative boot procedure called <command>systemd</command>. We will not discuss that boot process any further here. For a detailed description visit <ulink url="https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/understanding-and-using-systemd/"/>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
SysVinit (which will be referred to as <quote>init</quote> from now on) uses a run levels scheme. There are seven run levels, numbered 0 to 6. (Actually, there are more run levels, but the others are for special cases and are generally not used. See <ulink role='man' url='&man;init.8'>init(8)</ulink> for more details.) Each one of the seven corresponds to actions the computer is supposed to perform when it starts up or shuts down. The default run level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the different run levels as they are implemented in LFS:
SysVinit (之后简称为<quote>init</quote>) 使用运行级别架构工作。有七个 (编号为 0 到 6) 运行级别 (实际上还有更多，但它们用于一些特殊情况，一般并不使用。参阅 <filename>init(8)</filename> 了解更多细节)，每个都对应于计算机在启动时应该进行的一组操作。默认运行级别是 3，下面是不同运行级别的描述：
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
SysVinit (which will be referred to as <quote>init</quote> from now on) uses a run levels scheme. There are seven run levels, numbered 0 to 6. (Actually, there are more run levels, but the others are for special cases and are generally not used. See <ulink role='man' url='&man;init.8'>init(8)</ulink> for more details.) Each one of the seven corresponds to actions the computer is supposed to perform when it starts up or shuts down. The default run level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the different run levels as they are implemented in LFS:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
0: halt the computer
1: single-user mode
2: reserved for customization, otherwise the same as 3
3: multi-user mode with networking
4: reserved for customization, otherwise the same as 3
5: same as 4, it is usually used for GUI login (like GNOME's <command>gdm</command> or LXDE's <command>lxdm</command>)
6: reboot the computer
0：停止系统运行
1：单用户模式
2：没有网络连接的多用户模式
3：有网络连接的多用户模式
4：保留用于自定义，如果没有自定义和 3 相同
5：和 4 相同，一般用于 GUI 登录 (如 X 的 <command>xdm</command>) 或 KDE 的 <command>kdm</command>
6：重启计算机
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
0: halt the computer
1: single-user mode
2: reserved for customization, otherwise the same as 3
3: multi-user mode with networking
4: reserved for customization, otherwise the same as 3
5: same as 4, it is usually used for GUI login (like GNOME's <command>gdm</command> or LXDE's <command>lxdm</command>)
6: reboot the computer
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Classically, run level 2 above was defined as <quote>multi-user mode without networking,</quote> but this was only the case many years ago when multiple users could connect to a system via serial ports. In today's environment it makes no sense, and we now say it is <quote>reserved.</quote>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Classically, run level 2 above was defined as <quote>multi-user mode without networking,</quote> but this was only the case many years ago when multiple users could connect to a system via serial ports. In today's environment it makes no sense, and we now say it is <quote>reserved.</quote>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Configuring SysVinit
配置 Sysvinit
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Configuring SysVinit
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
SysVinit
Sysvinit
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
SysVinit
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
configuring
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
/etc/inittab
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
During kernel initialization, the first program that is run (if not overridden on the command line) is <command>init</command>. This program reads the initialization file <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Create this file with:
在内核初始化过程中，如果内核命令行中指定了程序，则会首先运行它，否则默认首先运行 <command>init</command>。这个程序读取初始化文件 <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>。执行以下命令创建该文件：
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
During kernel initialization, the first program that is run (if not overridden on the command line) is <command>init</command>. This program reads the initialization file <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Create this file with:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inittab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inittab

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

su:S06:once:/sbin/sulogin
s1:1:respawn:/sbin/sulogin

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600

# End /etc/inittab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inittab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inittab

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600

# End /etc/inittab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inittab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inittab

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

su:S06:once:/sbin/sulogin
s1:1:respawn:/sbin/sulogin

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600

# End /etc/inittab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
An explanation of this initialization file is in the man page for <emphasis>inittab</emphasis>. In LFS, the key command is <command>rc</command>. The initialization file above instructs <command>rc</command> to run all the scripts starting with an S in the <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rcS.d</filename> directory followed by all the scripts starting with an S in the <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rc?.d</filename> directory where the question mark is specified by the initdefault value.
在 <emphasis>inittab</emphasis> 的 man 页面中可以找到对该初始化文件的解释。对于 LFS，它指定运行的关键命令是 <command>rc</command>。上面的初始化文件会指示 <command>rc</command> 先运行 <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rcS.d</filename> 目录中所有文件名以 S 开头的脚本，再运行 <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rc?.d</filename> 目录中所有文件名以 S 开头的脚本。这里问号表示 initdefault 值指定的默认运行级别。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
An explanation of this initialization file is in the man page for <emphasis>inittab</emphasis>. In LFS, the key command is <command>rc</command>. The initialization file above instructs <command>rc</command> to run all the scripts starting with an S in the <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rcS.d</filename> directory followed by all the scripts starting with an S in the <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rc?.d</filename> directory where the question mark is specified by the initdefault value.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
As a convenience, the <command>rc</command> script reads a library of functions in <filename class="directory">/lib/lsb/init-functions</filename>. This library also reads an optional configuration file, <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename>. Any of the system configuration parameters described in subsequent sections can be placed in this file, allowing consolidation of all system parameters in this one file.
为了方便起见，<command>rc</command> 脚本从 <filename class="directory">/lib/lsb/init-functions</filename> 中读取脚本函数库。该函数库又会读取一个可选的配置文件，<filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename>。如果您希望将所有系统参数集中到一个文件中，可以将以下各节描述的系统配置文件参数都写入这一个文件，
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
As a convenience, the <command>rc</command> script reads a library of functions in <filename class="directory">/lib/lsb/init-functions</filename>. This library also reads an optional configuration file, <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename>. Any of the system configuration parameters described in subsequent sections can be placed in this file, allowing consolidation of all system parameters in this one file.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
As a debugging convenience, the functions script also logs all output to <filename>/run/var/bootlog</filename>. Since the <filename class="directory">/run</filename> directory is a tmpfs, this file is not persistent across boots; however, it is appended to the more permanent file <filename>/var/log/boot.log</filename> at the end of the boot process.
为了方便调试，脚本函数会将所有输出记录到 <filename>/run/var/bootlog</filename>。由于 <filename class="directory">/run</filename> 是 tmpfs，这个文件在重新启动时不会被保留。然而，在引导过程结束时，该文件的内容会被附加到更持久的日志文件 <filename>/var/log/boot.log</filename> 的末尾。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
As a debugging convenience, the functions script also logs all output to <filename>/run/var/bootlog</filename>. Since the <filename class="directory">/run</filename> directory is a tmpfs, this file is not persistent across boots; however, it is appended to the more permanent file <filename>/var/log/boot.log</filename> at the end of the boot process.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Changing Run Levels
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Changing run levels is done with <command>init <replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable></command>, where <replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable> is the target run level. For example, to reboot the computer, a user could issue the <command>init 6</command> command, which is an alias for the <command>reboot</command> command. Likewise, <command>init 0</command> is an alias for the <command>halt</command> command.
通过命令 <command>init <replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable></command> 可以切换运行级别，这里<replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable> 是希望切换到的运行级别。例如，为了重新启动计算机，用户可以执行 <command>init 6</command> 命令，它和 <command>reboot</command> 作用相同。同样，<command>init 0</command> 和 <command>halt</command> 作用相同。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Changing run levels is done with <command>init <replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable></command>, where <replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable> is the target run level. For example, to reboot the computer, a user could issue the <command>init 6</command> command, which is an alias for the <command>reboot</command> command. Likewise, <command>init 0</command> is an alias for the <command>halt</command> command.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are a number of directories under <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d</filename> that look like <filename class="directory">rc?.d</filename> (where ? is the number of the run level) and <filename class="directory">rcS.d</filename>, all containing a number of symbolic links. Some links begin with a <emphasis>K</emphasis>; the others begin with an <emphasis>S</emphasis>, and all of them have two numbers following the initial letter. The K means to stop (kill) a service and the S means to start a service. The numbers determine the order in which the scripts are run, from 00 to 99&mdash;the smaller the number, the sooner the script runs. When <command>init</command> switches to another run level, the appropriate services are either started or stopped, depending on the run level chosen.
在 <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d</filename> 中有一些名字如同 <filename class="directory">rc?.d</filename> 的目录 (这里 ? 是运行级别编号)，以及一个目录 <filename class="directory">rcsysinit.d</filename>，这些目录都包含一些符号链接。它们的文件名都以 <emphasis>K</emphasis> 或 <emphasis>S</emphasis> 开头，且文件名中这两个字母之后一定有两位数字。K 表示停止 (杀死，kill) 一个服务，而 S 表示启动 (start) 一个服务。两位数字决定脚本运行的顺序，从 00 到 99 —— 数字更小的脚本更早执行。当 <command>init</command> 切换到另一个运行级别时，它会执行这些脚本，从而适当地启动或停止服务，满足选择的运行级别要求。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
There are a number of directories under <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d</filename> that look like <filename class="directory">rc?.d</filename> (where ? is the number of the run level) and <filename class="directory">rcS.d</filename>, all containing a number of symbolic links. Some links begin with a <emphasis>K</emphasis>; the others begin with an <emphasis>S</emphasis>, and all of them have two numbers following the initial letter. The K means to stop (kill) a service and the S means to start a service. The numbers determine the order in which the scripts are run, from 00 to 99&mdash;the smaller the number, the sooner the script runs. When <command>init</command> switches to another run level, the appropriate services are either started or stopped, depending on the run level chosen.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The real scripts are in <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/init.d</filename>. They do the actual work, and the symlinks all point to them. K links and S links point to the same script in <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/init.d</filename>. This is because the scripts can be called with different parameters like <parameter>start</parameter>, <parameter>stop</parameter>, <parameter>restart</parameter>, <parameter>reload</parameter>, and <parameter>status</parameter>. When a K link is encountered, the appropriate script is run with the <parameter>stop</parameter> argument. When an S link is encountered, the appropriate script is run with the <parameter>start</parameter> argument.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
These are descriptions of what the arguments make the scripts do:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<parameter>start</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The service is started.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<parameter>stop</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The service is stopped.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<parameter>restart</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The service is stopped and then started again.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<parameter>reload</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The configuration of the service is updated. This is used after the configuration file of a service was modified, when the service does not need to be restarted.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<parameter>status</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Tells if the service is running and with which PIDs.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after all, it is your own LFS system). The files given here are an example of how it can be done.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Udev Bootscripts
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <filename>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</filename> initscript starts <command>udevd</command>, triggers any "coldplug" devices that have already been created by the kernel, and waits for any rules to complete. The script also unsets the uevent handler from the default of <filename>/sbin/hotplug </filename>. This is done because the kernel no longer needs to call an external binary. Instead, <command>udevd</command> will listen on a netlink socket for uevents that the kernel raises.
<filename>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</filename> 初始化脚本启动 <command>udevd</command>，触发内核已经创建的“冷插拔”设备，并等待所有 udev 规则执行完毕。该脚本也会取消默认的 uevent 处理程序 <filename>/sbin/hotplug</filename>。这是因为内核不再需要调用外部二进制程序。相反，<command>udevd</command> 会监听一个 netlink 套接字，以获取内核发出的 uevent 事件。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The <filename>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</filename> initscript starts <command>udevd</command>, triggers any "coldplug" devices that have already been created by the kernel, and waits for any rules to complete. The script also unsets the uevent handler from the default of <filename>/sbin/hotplug </filename>. This is done because the kernel no longer needs to call an external binary. Instead, <command>udevd</command> will listen on a netlink socket for uevents that the kernel raises.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</command> script takes care of re-triggering events for subsystems whose rules may rely on file systems that are not mounted until the <command>mountfs</command> script is run (in particular, <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> and <filename class="directory">/var</filename> may cause this). This script runs after the <command>mountfs</command> script, so those rules (if re-triggered) should succeed the second time around. It is configured by the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</filename> file; any words in this file other than comments are considered subsystem names to trigger at retry time. To find the subsystem of a device, use <command>udevadm info --attribute-walk &lt;device&gt;</command> where &lt;device&gt; is an absolute path in /dev or /sys, such as /dev/sr0, or /sys/class/rtc.
<command>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</command> 初始化脚本处理一些子系统的重新触发事件，这些子系统的规则可能依赖于 <command>mountfs</command> 脚本运行时才会挂载的文件系统 (特别地，独立挂载的 <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> 和 <filename class="directory">/var</filename> 文件系统会导致这种现象)。该脚本在 <command>mountfs</command> 脚本之后运行，因此这些规则 (如果被重新触发) 这一次应该能够成功执行。配置文件 <filename>/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</filename> 文件配置该脚本，其中除注释外的每个单词都被认为是一个需要重新触发的子系统名。为了找到某个设备的子系统，可以使用命令 <command>udevadm info --attribute-walk &lt;device&gt;</command>，这里 &lt;device&gt; 是一个 /dev 或 /sys 中的绝对路径，例如 /dev/sr0 或 /sys/class/rtc。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The <command>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</command> script takes care of re-triggering events for subsystems whose rules may rely on file systems that are not mounted until the <command>mountfs</command> script is run (in particular, <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> and <filename class="directory">/var</filename> may cause this). This script runs after the <command>mountfs</command> script, so those rules (if re-triggered) should succeed the second time around. It is configured by the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</filename> file; any words in this file other than comments are considered subsystem names to trigger at retry time. To find the subsystem of a device, use <command>udevadm info --attribute-walk &lt;device&gt;</command> where &lt;device&gt; is an absolute path in /dev or /sys, such as /dev/sr0, or /sys/class/rtc.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For information on kernel module loading and udev, see <xref linkend="module-loading" role='.'/>
参阅<xref linkend="module-loading"/>了解更多关于模块加载和 udev 的信息。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
For information on kernel module loading and udev, see <xref linkend="module-loading" role='.'/>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Configuring the System Clock
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
setclock
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>setclock</command> script reads the time from the hardware clock, also known as the BIOS or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this script will convert the hardware clock's time to the local time using the <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file (which tells the <command>hwclock</command> program which time zone to use). There is no way to detect whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, so this must be configured manually.
<command>setclock</command> 脚本从硬件时钟读取时间，硬件时钟也常被称为 BIOS 时钟或互补金属氧化物半导体 (CMOS) 时钟。如果硬件时钟被设为 UTC 时间，该脚本会根据 <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> 文件 (它告知 <command>hwclock</command> 程序用户处于哪个时区)，将硬件时钟的时间转换成本地时间。不存在确定硬件时钟是否为 UTC 的方法，因此这必须手动设置。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The <command>setclock</command> script reads the time from the hardware clock, also known as the BIOS or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this script will convert the hardware clock's time to the local time using the <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file (which tells the <command>hwclock</command> program which time zone to use). There is no way to detect whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, so this must be configured manually.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The <command>setclock</command> program is run via <application>udev</application> when the kernel detects the hardware capability upon boot. It can also be run manually with the stop parameter to store the system time to the CMOS clock.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, find out by running the <userinput>hwclock --localtime --show</userinput> command. This will display what the current time is according to the hardware clock. If this time matches whatever your watch says, then the hardware clock is set to local time. If the output from <command>hwclock</command> is not local time, chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or subtracting the proper number of hours for your time zone to the time shown by <command>hwclock</command>. For example, if you are currently in the MST time zone, which is also known as GMT -0700, add seven hours to the local time.
如果您不确定您的硬件时钟是否设置为 UTC，运行 <userinput>hwclock --localtime --show</userinput> 命令，它会显示硬件时钟给出的当前时间。如果这个时间和您的手表显示的一致，则说明硬件时钟被设定为本地时间。相反，如果 <command>hwclock</command> 输出的时间不是本地时间，则硬件时钟很可能被设定为 UTC 时间。根据您的时区，在 <command>hwclock</command> 显示的时间上加减对应的小时数，进行进一步的验证。例如，如果您现在处于莫斯科时区，即 GMT -0700，在本地时间上加 7 小时，再进行比较。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, find out by running the <userinput>hwclock --localtime --show</userinput> command. This will display what the current time is according to the hardware clock. If this time matches whatever your watch says, then the hardware clock is set to local time. If the output from <command>hwclock</command> is not local time, chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or subtracting the proper number of hours for your time zone to the time shown by <command>hwclock</command>. For example, if you are currently in the MST time zone, which is also known as GMT -0700, add seven hours to the local time.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Change the value of the <envar>UTC</envar> variable below to a value of <parameter>0</parameter> (zero) if the hardware clock is <emphasis>NOT</emphasis> set to UTC time.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Create a new file <filename>/etc/sysconfig/clock</filename> by running the following:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/clock &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock

UTC=1

# Set this to any options you might need to give to hwclock,
# such as machine hardware clock type for Alphas.
CLOCKPARAMS=

# End /etc/sysconfig/clock</literal>
EOF</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
A good hint explaining how to deal with time on LFS is available at <ulink url="&hints-root;time.txt"/>. It explains issues such as time zones, UTC, and the <envar>TZ</envar> environment variable.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The CLOCKPARAMS and UTC parameters may also be set in the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> file.
CLOCKPARAMS 和 UTC 参数也可以在 <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> 文件中设置。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The CLOCKPARAMS and UTC parameters may also be set in the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> file.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Configuring the Linux Console
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
console
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This section discusses how to configure the <command>console</command> bootscript that sets up the keyboard map, console font, and console kernel log level. If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign, the British pound sign, and the Euro symbol) will not be used and the keyboard is a U.S. one, much of this section can be skipped. Without the configuration file, (or equivalent settings in <filename>rc.site</filename>), the <command>console</command> bootscript will do nothing.
本节讨论如何配置 <command>console</command> 引导脚本，使之正确设定键盘映射，控制台字体，以及控制台内核日志级别。如果不使用非 ASCII 字符 (如版权符号，英镑符号，或者欧元符号)，而且使用美式键盘，则可以忽略本节的大多数内容。如果不创建本节的配置文件 (且 <filename>rc.site</filename> 中没有对应的设置)，则 <command>console</command> 脚本什么也不做。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
This section discusses how to configure the <command>console</command> bootscript that sets up the keyboard map, console font, and console kernel log level. If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign, the British pound sign, and the Euro symbol) will not be used and the keyboard is a U.S. one, much of this section can be skipped. Without the configuration file, (or equivalent settings in <filename>rc.site</filename>), the <command>console</command> bootscript will do nothing.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>console</command> script reads the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file for configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this; see <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>. If still in doubt, look in the <filename class="directory">/usr/share/keymaps</filename> and <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> directories for valid keymaps and screen fonts. Read the <ulink role='man' url='&man;loadkeys.1'>loadkeys(1)</ulink> and <ulink role='man' url='&man;setfont.8'>setfont(8)</ulink> manual pages to determine the correct arguments for these programs.
<command>console</command> 脚本读取 <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> 中的配置信息。它根据配置决定使用何种键映射和控制台字体。一些与特定语言相关的 HOWTO 文档可以帮助您进行配置，参阅 <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>。如果仍然有疑问，在<filename class="directory">/usr/share/keymaps</filename> 和 <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> 中寻找可用的键映射和控制台字体，并阅读 <filename>loadkeys(1)</filename> 和 <filename>setfont(8)</filename> man 页面，以确认应该传递给这两个程序的正确参数。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The <command>console</command> script reads the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file for configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this; see <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>. If still in doubt, look in the <filename class="directory">/usr/share/keymaps</filename> and <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> directories for valid keymaps and screen fonts. Read the <ulink role='man' url='&man;loadkeys.1'>loadkeys(1)</ulink> and <ulink role='man' url='&man;setfont.8'>setfont(8)</ulink> manual pages to determine the correct arguments for these programs.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file should contain lines of the form: <envar>VARIABLE=value</envar>. The following variables are recognized:
<filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> 文件应该包含若干行，每一行的的格式都是：变量名="值"。下列变量名会被识别：
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
The <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file should contain lines of the form: <envar>VARIABLE=value</envar>. The following variables are recognized:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
LOGLEVEL
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This variable specifies the log level for kernel messages sent to the console as set by <command>dmesg -n</command>. Valid levels are from <literal>1</literal> (no messages) to <literal>8</literal>. The default level is <literal>7</literal>, which is quite verbose.
该变量指定被发送到控制台的内核消息日志级别，正如使用 <command>dmesg</command> 设置的那样。有效的级别是“1” (不输出内核消息) 到“8”之间的某个数。默认的日志级别是“7”。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
This variable specifies the log level for kernel messages sent to the console as set by <command>dmesg -n</command>. Valid levels are from <literal>1</literal> (no messages) to <literal>8</literal>. The default level is <literal>7</literal>, which is quite verbose.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
KEYMAP
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This variable specifies the arguments for the <command>loadkeys</command> program, typically, the name of the keymap to load, e.g., <literal>it</literal>. If this variable is not set, the bootscript will not run the <command>loadkeys</command> program, and the default kernel keymap will be used. Note that a few keymaps have multiple versions with the same name (cz and its variants in qwerty/ and qwertz/, es in olpc/ and qwerty/, and trf in fgGIod/ and qwerty/). In these cases the parent directory should also be specified (e.g. qwerty/es) to ensure the proper keymap is loaded.
该变量指定传递给 <command>loadkeys</command> 程序的参数，它通常是需要加载的键映射名，例如<quote>it</quote>。如果这个变量没有设定，引导脚本不会运行 <command>loadkeys</command>，系统将使用内核的默认键映射。注意某些键映射有文件名相同的不同版本 (例如 cz 的和它的变体在 qwerty/ 和 qwertz/ 中，es 在 olpc/ 和 qwerty/ 中，以及 trf 在 fgGIod/ 和 qwerty/ 中)。在这种情况下，父目录名也要指定 (例如 qwerty/es)，以保证加载正确的键映射。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
This variable specifies the arguments for the <command>loadkeys</command> program, typically, the name of the keymap to load, e.g., <literal>it</literal>. If this variable is not set, the bootscript will not run the <command>loadkeys</command> program, and the default kernel keymap will be used. Note that a few keymaps have multiple versions with the same name (cz and its variants in qwerty/ and qwertz/, es in olpc/ and qwerty/, and trf in fgGIod/ and qwerty/). In these cases the parent directory should also be specified (e.g. qwerty/es) to ensure the proper keymap is loaded.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This (rarely used) variable specifies the arguments for the second call to the <command>loadkeys</command> program. This is useful if the stock keymap is not completely satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made. E.g., to include the Euro sign into a keymap that normally doesn't have it, set this variable to <literal>euro2</literal>.
这个 (很少使用的) 变量指定第二次调用 <command>loadkeys</command> 程序时使用的参数。如果现有的键映射不完全符合要求，需要进行微调，这个变量是很有用的。例如，如果需要为通常不包含欧元符号的键映射添加它，将这个变量设为<quote>euro2</quote>。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
This (rarely used) variable specifies the arguments for the second call to the <command>loadkeys</command> program. This is useful if the stock keymap is not completely satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made. E.g., to include the Euro sign into a keymap that normally doesn't have it, set this variable to <literal>euro2</literal>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
FONT
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This variable specifies the arguments for the <command>setfont</command> program. Typically, this includes the font name, <literal>-m</literal>, and the name of the application character map to load. E.g., in order to load the <quote>lat1-16</quote> font together with the <quote>8859-1</quote> application character map (appropriate in the USA), set this variable to <literal>lat1-16 -m 8859-1</literal>. In UTF-8 mode, the kernel uses the application character map to convert 8-bit key codes to UTF-8. Therefore the argument of the "-m" parameter should be set to the encoding of the composed key codes in the keymap.
该变量指定传递给 <command>setfont</command> 程序的参数。通常它包含字体名，<quote>-m</quote>，以及需要加载的应用程序字符映射名。例如，为了加载 <quote>lat1-16</quote>字体和<quote>8859-1</quote>应用程序字符映射 (这适用于美国)，可以将该变量设置为<quote>lat1-16 -m 8859-1</quote>。在 UTF-8 模式下，内核使用应用程序字符映射将键映射中编组的 8 位键码转化为 UTF-8，因此 “-m” 参数的值应该被设定为键映射中编组的键码编码。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
This variable specifies the arguments for the <command>setfont</command> program. Typically, this includes the font name, <literal>-m</literal>, and the name of the application character map to load. E.g., in order to load the <quote>lat1-16</quote> font together with the <quote>8859-1</quote> application character map (appropriate in the USA), set this variable to <literal>lat1-16 -m 8859-1</literal>. In UTF-8 mode, the kernel uses the application character map to convert 8-bit key codes to UTF-8. Therefore the argument of the "-m" parameter should be set to the encoding of the composed key codes in the keymap.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
UNICODE
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Set this variable to <literal>1</literal>, <literal>yes</literal>, or <literal>true</literal> in order to put the console into UTF-8 mode. This is useful in UTF-8 based locales and harmful otherwise.
将该变量设为<quote>1</quote>，<quote>yes</quote>，或者<quote>true</quote>，可以将控制台设置于 UTF-8 模式。这对于基于 UTF-8 的 locale 很有用，但对于其他 locale 有害。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Set this variable to <literal>1</literal>, <literal>yes</literal>, or <literal>true</literal> in order to put the console into UTF-8 mode. This is useful in UTF-8 based locales and harmful otherwise.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
LEGACY_CHARSET
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
For many keyboard layouts, there is no stock Unicode keymap in the Kbd package. The <command>console</command> bootscript will convert an available keymap to UTF-8 on the fly if this variable is set to the encoding of the available non-UTF-8 keymap.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
Some examples:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
We'll use <literal>C.UTF-8</literal> as the locale for interactive sessions in the Linux console in <xref role=',' linkend='ch-config-locale'/> so we should set <literal>UNICODE</literal> to <literal>1</literal>. And the console fonts shipped by the <application>Kbd</application> package containing the glyphs for all characters from the program messages in the <literal>C.UTF-8</literal> locale are <filename>LatArCyrHeb*.psfu.gz</filename>, <filename>LatGrkCyr*.psfu.gz</filename>, <filename>Lat2-Terminus16.psfu.gz</filename>, and <filename>pancyrillic.f16.psfu.gz</filename> in <filename class='directory'>/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> (the other shipped console fonts lack glyphs of some characters like the Unicode left/right quotation marks and the Unicode English dash). So set one of them, for example <filename>Lat2-Terminus16.psfu.gz</filename> as the default console font:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
We'll use <literal>C.UTF-8</literal> as the locale for interactive sessions in the Linux console in <xref role=',' linkend='ch-config-locale'/> so we should set <literal>UNICODE</literal> to <literal>1</literal>. And the console fonts shipped by the <application>Kbd</application> package containing the glyphs for all characters from the program messages in the <literal>C.UTF-8</literal> locale are <filename>LatArCyrHeb*.psfu.gz</filename>, <filename>LatGrkCyr*.psfu.gz</filename>, <filename>Lat2-Terminus16.psfu.gz</filename>, and <filename>pancyrillic.f16.psfu.gz</filename> in <filename class='directory'>/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> (the other shipped console fonts lack glyphs of some characters like the Unicode left/right quotation marks and the Unicode English dash). So set one of them, for example <filename>Lat2-Terminus16.psfu.gz</filename> as the default console font:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
FONT="Lat2-Terminus16"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput>
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="cyr-sun16"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput>
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
FONT="Lat2-Terminus16"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
For a non-Unicode setup, only the KEYMAP and FONT variables are generally needed. E.g., for a Polish setup, one would use:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

KEYMAP="pl2"
FONT="lat2a-16 -m 8859-2"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput>