2. Linux From Scratch 12.2
3. chapter04_settingenviron
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	Translation	Source string	Target string
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Setting Up the Environment
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup files for the <command>bash</command> shell. While logged in as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, issue the following command to create a new <filename>.bash_profile</filename>:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bash_profile &lt;&lt; "EOF" <literal>exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash</literal> EOF</userinput>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	When logged on as user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, or when switched to the &lfs-user; user using an <command>su</command> command with the <quote><parameter>-</parameter></quote> option, the initial shell is a <emphasis>login</emphasis> shell which reads the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then <filename>.bash_profile</filename>. The <command>exec env -i.../bin/bash</command> command in the <filename>.bash_profile</filename> file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, and <envar>PS1</envar> variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis> shell, which does not read, and execute, the contents of the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or <filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads, and executes, the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF" <literal>set +h umask 022 LFS=/mnt/lfs LC_ALL=POSIX LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu PATH=/usr/bin if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE</literal> EOF</userinput>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	The meaning of the settings in <filename>.bashrc</filename>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>set +h</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	The <command>set +h</command> command turns off <command>bash</command>'s hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature&mdash;<command>bash</command> uses a hash table to remember the full path to executable files to avoid searching the <envar>PATH</envar> time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are installed. Switching off the hash function forces the shell to search the <envar>PATH</envar> whenever a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> as soon as they are available without remembering a previous version of the same program provided by the host distro, in <filename class='directory'>/usr/bin</filename> or <filename class='directory'>/bin</filename>.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>umask 022</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that newly created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are readable and executable by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the <ulink role='man' url='&man;open.2'>open(2)</ulink> system call, new files will end up with permission mode 644 and directories with mode 755).
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>LFS=/mnt/lfs</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	The <envar>LFS</envar> variable should be set to the chosen mount point.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>LC_ALL=POSIX</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	The <envar>LC_ALL</envar> variable controls the localization of certain programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified country. Setting <envar>LC_ALL</envar> to <quote>POSIX</quote> or <quote>C</quote> (the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will work as expected in the cross-compilation environment.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	The <envar>LFS_TGT</envar> variable sets a non-default, but compatible machine description for use when building our cross-compiler and linker and when cross-compiling our temporary toolchain. More information is provided by <xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" role=""/>.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>PATH=/usr/bin</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Many modern Linux distributions have merged <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> and <filename class="directory">/usr/bin</filename>. When this is the case, the standard <envar>PATH</envar> variable should be set to <filename class="directory">/usr/bin/</filename> for the <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> environment. When this is not the case, the following line adds <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> to the path.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	If <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> is not a symbolic link, it must be added to the <envar>PATH</envar> variable.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	By putting <filename class="directory">$LFS/tools/bin</filename> ahead of the standard <envar>PATH</envar>, the cross-compiler installed at the beginning of <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> is picked up by the shell immediately after its installation. This, combined with turning off hashing, limits the risk that the compiler from the host is used instead of the cross-compiler.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	In <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>, if this variable is not set, <command>configure</command> scripts may attempt to load configuration items specific to some distributions from <filename>/usr/share/config.site</filename> on the host system. Override it to prevent potential contamination from the host.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	In <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/>, if this variable is not set, <command>configure</command> scripts may attempt to load configuration items specific to some distributions from <filename>/usr/share/config.site</filename> on the host system. Override it to prevent potential contamination from the host.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<parameter>export ...</parameter>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	While the preceding commands have set some variables, in order to make them visible within any sub-shells, we export them.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Several commercial distributions add an undocumented instantiation of <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename> to the initialization of <command>bash</command>. This file has the potential to modify the <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> user's environment in ways that can affect the building of critical LFS packages. To make sure the <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> user's environment is clean, check for the presence of <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename> and, if present, move it out of the way. As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, run:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<userinput>[ ! -e /etc/bash.bashrc ] || mv -v /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.NOUSE</userinput>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	When the <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> user is no longer needed (at the beginning of <xref linkend="chapter-chroot-temporary-tools"/>), you may safely restore <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename> (if desired).
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Note that the LFS Bash package we will build in <xref linkend="ch-system-bash"/> is not configured to load or execute <filename>/etc/bash.bashrc</filename>, so this file is useless on a completed LFS system.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	For many modern systems with multiple processors (or cores) the compilation time for a package can be reduced by performing a "parallel make" by telling the make program how many processors are available via a command line option or an environment variable. For instance, an Intel Core i9-13900K processor has 8 P (performance) cores and 16 E (efficiency) cores, and a P core can simultaneously run two threads so each P core are modeled as two logical cores by the Linux kernel. As the result there are 32 logical cores in total. One obvious way to use all these logical cores is allowing <command>make</command> to spawn up to 32 build jobs. This can be done by passing the <parameter>-j32</parameter> option to <command>make</command>:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	For many modern systems with multiple processors (or cores) the compilation time for a package can be reduced by performing a "parallel make" by telling the make program how many processors are available via a command line option or an environment variable. For instance, an Intel Core i9-13900K processor has 8 P (performance) cores and 16 E (efficiency) cores, and a P core can simultaneously run two threads so each P core are modeled as two logical cores by the Linux kernel. As the result there are 32 logical cores in total. One obvious way to use all these logical cores is allowing <command>make</command> to spawn up to 32 build jobs. This can be done by passing the <parameter>-j32</parameter> option to <command>make</command>:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<userinput>make -j32</userinput>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Or set the <envar>MAKEFLAGS</envar> environment variable and its content will be automatically used by <command>make</command> as command line options:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Or set the <envar>MAKEFLAGS</envar> environment variable and its content will be automatically used by <command>make</command> as command line options:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	<userinput>export MAKEFLAGS=-j32</userinput>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<userinput>export MAKEFLAGS=-j32</userinput>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Never pass a <parameter>-j</parameter> option without a number to <command>make</command> or set such an option in <envar>MAKEFLAGS</envar>. Doing so will allow <command>make</command> to spawn infinite build jobs and cause system stability problems.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Never pass a <parameter>-j</parameter> option without a number to <command>make</command> or set such an option in <envar>MAKEFLAGS</envar>. Doing so will allow <command>make</command> to spawn infinite build jobs and cause system stability problems.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	To use all logical cores available for building packages in <xref linkend='chapter-cross-tools'/> and <xref linkend='chapter-temporary-tools'/>, set <envar>MAKEFLAGS</envar> now in <filename>.bashrc</filename>:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	To use all logical cores available for building packages in <xref linkend='chapter-cross-tools'/> and <xref linkend='chapter-temporary-tools'/>, set <envar>MAKEFLAGS</envar> now in <filename>.bashrc</filename>:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<userinput>cat &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF" <literal>export MAKEFLAGS=-j<replaceable>$(nproc)</replaceable></literal> EOF</userinput>
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)	Replace <replaceable>$(nproc)</replaceable> with the number of logical cores you want to use if you don't want to use all the logical cores.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Replace <replaceable>$(nproc)</replaceable> with the number of logical cores you want to use if you don't want to use all the logical cores.
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	Finally, to ensure the environment is fully prepared for building the temporary tools, force the <command>bash</command> shell to read the new user profile:
	Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish	<userinput>source ~/.bash_profile</userinput>