Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_openssl — Spanish
The OpenSSL package contains management tools and libraries relating to cryptography. These are useful for providing cryptographic functions to other packages, such as OpenSSH, email applications, and web browsers (for accessing HTTPS sites).
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_setuptools — Spanish
Setuptools is a tool used to download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_bison — Spanish
The Bison package contains a parser generator.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_gawk — Spanish
The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_procps — Spanish
The Procps-ng package contains programs for monitoring processes.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_m4 — Spanish
The M4 package contains a macro processor.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_automake — Spanish
The Automake package contains programs for generating Makefiles for use with Autoconf.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_inetutils — Spanish
The Inetutils package contains programs for basic networking.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_zlib — Spanish
The Zlib package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_flit-core — Spanish
Flit-core is the distribution-building parts of Flit (a packaging tool for simple Python modules).
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_sysklogd — Spanish
The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those emitted by the kernel when unusual things happen.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_gzip — Spanish
The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_man-db — Spanish
The Man-DB package contains programs for finding and viewing man pages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_systemd — Spanish
The systemd package contains programs for controlling the startup, running, and shutdown of the system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_less — Spanish
The Less package contains a text file viewer.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_acl — Spanish
The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_pkgmgt — Spanish
There are multiple solutions for package management, each having its strengths and drawbacks. Finding one solution that satisfies all audiences is difficult.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_kbd — Spanish
The Kbd package contains key-table files, console fonts, and keyboard utilities.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_aboutdebug — Spanish
A <command>bash</command> binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB (60% smaller)
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libtool — Spanish
The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It makes the use of shared libraries simpler with a consistent, portable interface.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_tar — Spanish
The Tar package provides the ability to create tar archives as well as perform various other kinds of archive manipulation. Tar can be used on previously created archives to extract files, to store additional files, or to update or list files which were already stored.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libelf — Spanish
Libelf is a library for handling ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) files.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_grep — Spanish
The Grep package contains programs for searching through the contents of files.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_shadow — Spanish
The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_standards — Spanish
<ulink url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</ulink>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_architecture — Spanish
As you can see, on the same hardware, the 64-bit build is only 3% faster (and 22% larger) than the 32-bit build. If you plan to use LFS as a LAMP server, or a firewall, a 32-bit CPU may be good enough. On the other hand, several packages in BLFS now need more than 4 GB of RAM to be built and/or to run; if you plan to use LFS as a desktop, the LFS authors recommend building a 64-bit system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_groff — Spanish
The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text and images.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_file — Spanish
The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_vim — Spanish
The Vim package contains a powerful text editor.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libcap — Spanish
The Libcap package implements the userspace interface to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities partition the all-powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_iana-etc — Spanish
The Iana-Etc package provides data for network services and protocols.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_typography — Spanish
In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_prerequisites — Spanish
Software-Building-HOWTO <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_why — Spanish
Attr
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_audience — Spanish
LFS allows you to create very compact Linux systems. With other distributions you are often forced to install a great many programs you neither use nor understand. These programs waste resources. You may argue that with today's hard drives and CPUs, wasted resources are no longer a consideration. Sometimes, however, you are still constrained by the system's size, if nothing else. Think about bootable CDs, USB sticks, and embedded systems. Those are areas where LFS can be beneficial.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_organization — Spanish
Part II - Preparing for the Build
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_foreword — Spanish
To truly make it my own system, I resolved to compile everything from source code instead of using pre-compiled binary packages. This <quote>perfect</quote> Linux system would have the strengths of various systems without their perceived weaknesses. At first, the idea was rather daunting. I remained committed to the idea that such a system could be built.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_bookinfo — Spanish
Beekmans
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_networkd — Spanish
Network Interface Configuration Files
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_introductiond — Spanish
<xref linkend="ch-config-hosts" role="."/>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_consoled — Spanish
The <command>systemd-vconsole-setup</command> service reads the <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> file for configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this, see <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>. Examine the output of <command>localectl list-keymaps</command> for a list of valid console keymaps. Look in the <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> directory for valid screen fonts.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_udev — Spanish
Linux systems in general traditionally used a static device creation method, whereby a great many device nodes were created under <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually existed. This was typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contained a number of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant major and minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in the world.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_clock — Spanish
If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, find out by running the <userinput>hwclock --localtime --show</userinput> command. This will display what the current time is according to the hardware clock. If this time matches whatever your watch says, then the hardware clock is set to local time. If the output from <command>hwclock</command> is not local time, chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or subtracting the proper amount of hours for the timezone to the time shown by <command>hwclock</command>. For example, if you are currently in the MST timezone, which is also known as GMT -0700, add seven hours to the local time.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_inputrc — Spanish
For more information on how to edit the <filename>inputrc</filename> file, see <command>info bash</command> under the <emphasis>Readline Init File</emphasis> section. <command>info readline</command> is also a good source of information.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_theend — Spanish
Well done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much success with your shiny new custom-built Linux system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_etcshells — Spanish
It is a requirement for applications such as <application>GDM</application> which does not populate the face browser if it can't find <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, or FTP daemons which traditionally disallow access to users with shells not included in this file.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_network — Spanish
The files in <filename class="directory">/etc/sysconfig/</filename> usually determine which interfaces are brought up and down by the network script. This directory should contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as <filename>ifconfig.xyz</filename>, where <quote>xyz</quote> describes the network card. The interface name (e.g. eth0) is usually appropriate. Each file contains the attributes of one interface, such as its IP address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. The stem of the filename must be <emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Spanish
This version of LFS uses a special booting facility named SysVinit, based on a series of <emphasis>run levels</emphasis>. The boot procedure can be quite different from one system to another; the fact that things worked one way in a particular Linux distribution does not guarantee they will work the same way in LFS. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it does respect generally accepted standards.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_locale — Spanish
The output of programs being translated into your native language
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_symlinks — Spanish
Disabling Persistent Naming on the Kernel Command Line
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_bootscripts — Spanish
The LFS-Bootscripts package contains a set of scripts to start/stop the LFS system at bootup/shutdown. The configuration files and procedures needed to customize the boot process are described in the following sections.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_systemd-custom — Spanish
Disabling Screen Clearing at Boot Time
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter06_binutils-pass2 — Spanish
tools, pass 2
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter06_gcc-pass2 — Spanish
GCC
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_whatnow — Spanish
Bugs and security notices are reported regularly for all software. Since an LFS system is compiled from source, it is up to you to keep abreast of such reports. There are several online resources that track such reports, some of which are shown below:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_reboot — Spanish
A review of the following configuration files is also appropriate at this point.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Spanish
On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter05_linux-headers — Spanish
tools, API headers
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter05_gcc-pass1 — Spanish
GCC
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter05_libstdc__ — Spanish
tools, libstdc++ pass 1
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter05_binutils-pass1 — Spanish
Binutils
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter03_packages — Spanish
Acl (&acl-version;) - <token>&acl-size;</token>:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter03_introduction — Spanish
Downloaded packages and patches will need to be stored somewhere that is conveniently available throughout the entire build. A working directory is also required to unpack the sources and build them. <filename class="directory">$LFS/sources</filename> can be used both as the place to store the tarballs and patches and as a working directory. By using this directory, the required elements will be located on the LFS partition and will be available during all stages of the building process.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter03_patches — Spanish
MD5 sum: <literal>&bzip2-docs-patch-md5;</literal>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter01_how — Spanish
<xref linkend="chapter-partitioning"/> of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system, where the new LFS system will be compiled and installed. <xref linkend="chapter-getting-materials"/> explains which packages and patches must be downloaded to build an LFS system, and how to store them on the new file system. <xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/> discusses the setup of an appropriate working environment. Please read <xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/> carefully as it explains several important issues you should be aware of before you begin to work your way through <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and beyond.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter01_changelog — Spanish
2024-09-01
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter01_whatsnew — Spanish
Bash-&bash-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/part3intro_generalinstructions — Spanish
During the compilation of most packages, some warnings will scroll by on the screen. These are normal and can safely be ignored. These warnings are usually about deprecated, but not invalid, use of the C or C++ syntax. C standards change fairly often, and some packages have not yet been updated. This is not a serious problem, but it does cause the warnings to appear.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter01_resources — Spanish
Mailing Lists
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Spanish
About Cross-Compilation
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_introduction — Spanish
The <command>init</command> program is controlled by the <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> file and is organized into run levels that can be chosen by the user. In LFS, they are used as follows:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On some newer systems, the motherboard is capable of controlling the system clock speed. This can be controlled with a command such as <command>powerprofilesctl</command>. This is not available in LFS, but may be available on the host distro. After LFS is complete, it can be added to a system with the procedures at the <ulink url='&blfs-book;sysutils/power-profiles-daemon.html'> BLFS power-profiles-daemon</ulink> page. Before measuring the build time of any package it is advisable to use a system power profile set for maximum performance (and maximum power consumption). Otherwise the measured SBU value may be inaccurate because the system may react differently when building <xref linkend='ch-tools-binutils-pass1'/> or other packages. Be aware that a significant inaccuracy can still show up even if the same profile is used for both packages because the system may respond slower if the system is idle when starting the build procedure. Setting the power profile to <quote>performance</quote> will minimize this problem. And obviously doing so will also make the system build LFS faster.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libffi — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface. An FFI allows a program written in one language to call a program written in another language. Specifically, Libffi can provide a bridge between an interpreter like Perl, or Python, and shared library subroutines written in C, or C++.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
For more information about libtool archive files, see the <ulink url="&blfs-book;introduction/la-files.html">BLFS section "About Libtool Archive (.la) files"</ulink>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Note that <command>strip</command> will overwrite the binary or library file it is processing. This can crash the processes using code or data from the file. If the process running <command>strip</command> is affected, the binary or library being stripped can be destroyed; this can make the system completely unusable. To avoid this problem we copy some libraries and binaries into <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>, strip them there, then reinstall them with the <command>install</command> command. (The related entry in <xref linkend="pkgmgmt-upgrade-issues"/> gives the rationale for using the <command>install</command> command here.)
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_lz4 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
&buildtime;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There is an alternative boot procedure called <command>systemd</command>. We will not discuss that boot process any further here. For a detailed description visit <ulink url="https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/understanding-and-using-systemd/"/>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_whatnow — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/advisories/">LFS Security Advisories</ulink>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In addition to the above, there is a set of applications for system management for all kinds of systems. These applications are all in the BLFS book. Not all packages are needed in every environments. For example <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/dhcpcd.html">dhcpcd</ulink>, is not normally appropriate for a server and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wireless_tools.html">wireless_tools</ulink>, are normally only useful for a laptop system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/part3intro_toolchaintechnotes — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The LFS book is not (and does not contain) a general tutorial to build a cross- (or native) toolchain. Don't use the commands in the book for a cross-toolchain for some purpose other than building LFS, unless you really understand what you are doing.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_stages — Spanish
Chapters&nbsp;5&ndash;6
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_hostreqs — Spanish
Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but have not been tested.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_mounting — Spanish
Replace <replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> with the name of the LFS partition.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_creatingpartition — Spanish
For experienced users, other partitioning schemes are possible. The new LFS system can be on a software <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/raid.html">RAID</ulink> array or an <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/aboutlvm.html">LVM</ulink> logical volume. However, some of these options require an <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/initramfs.html">initramfs</ulink>, which is an advanced topic. These partitioning methodologies are not recommended for first time LFS users.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_creatingfilesystem — Spanish
ext3
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_aboutlfs — Spanish
<userinput>echo $LFS</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_createfiles — Spanish
/var/log/lastlog
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_kernfs — Spanish
Mounting and Populating /dev
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_cleanup — Spanish
<userinput>find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_chroot — Spanish
From this point on, there is no need to use the <envar>LFS</envar> variable any more because all work will be restricted to the LFS file system; the <command>chroot</command> command runs the Bash shell with the root (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory set to <filename class='directory'>$LFS</filename>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_creatingdirs — Spanish
Create the required set of subdirectories below the root-level by issuing the following commands: