Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Programs in <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> will be compiled with a cross-compiler (more details can be found in section <xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"/>). This cross-compiler will be installed in a special directory, to separate it from the other programs. Still acting as &root;, create that directory with this command:
在 <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> 中，会使用交叉编译器编译程序 (细节参见<xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"/>一节)。为了将这个交叉编译器和其他程序分离，它会被安装在一个专门的目录。执行以下命令创建该目录：
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis> shell, which does not read, and execute, the contents of the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or <filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads, and executes, the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:
新的 shell 实例是 <emphasis>非登录</emphasis> shell，它不会读取和执行 <filename>/etc/profile</filename> 或者 <filename>.bash_profile</filename> 的内容，而是读取并执行 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件。现在我们就创建一个 <filename>.bashrc</filename> 文件：
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_aboutsbus — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
SBUs are not entirely accurate because they depend on many factors, including the host system's version of GCC. They are provided here to give an estimate of how long it might take to install a package, but the numbers can vary by as much as dozens of minutes in some cases.
一般来说，SBU 不是完全准确的。这是由于它受到许多因素的影响，包括宿主系统的 GCC 版本。SBU 只能用来估计安装一个软件包可能需要的时间，估计结果的误差在个别情况下可能达到几十分钟。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_wheel — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Wheel is a Python library that is the reference implementation of the Python wheel packaging standard.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, we keep the optimizations enabled by the default configuration of the packages. In addition, we sometimes explicitly enable an optimized configuration provided by a package but not enabled by default. The package maintainers have already tested these configurations and consider them safe, so it's not likely they would break the build. Generally the default configuration already enables <option>-O2</option> or <option>-O3</option>, so the resulting system will still run very fast without any customized optimization, and be stable at the same time.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_man-pages — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Man-pages package contains over 2,400 man pages.
Man-pages 软件包包含 2,200 多个 man 页面。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_findutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. Programs are provided to search through all the files in a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable unless the database has been updated recently). Findutils also supplies the <command>xargs</command> program, which can be used to run a specified command on each file selected by a search.
Findutils 软件包包含用于查找文件的程序。这些程序能够递归地搜索目录树，以及创建、维护和搜索文件数据库 (一般比递归搜索快，但在数据库最近没有更新时不可靠)。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Udev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_cleanup — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<userinput>find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_readline — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Readline package is a set of libraries that offer command-line editing and history capabilities.
Readline 软件包包含一些提供命令行编辑和历史记录功能的库。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_pkgconf — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The pkgconf package is a successor to pkg-config and contains a tool for passing the include path and/or library paths to build tools during the configure and make phases of package installations.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_coreutils — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Coreutils package contains the basic utility programs needed by every operating system.
Coreutils 软件包包含用于显示和设定系统基本属性的工具。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_bash — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again Shell.
Bash 软件包包含 Bourne-Again SHell。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_gdbm — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. It is a library of database functions that uses extensible hashing and works like the standard UNIX dbm. The library provides primitives for storing key/data pairs, searching and retrieving the data by its key and deleting a key along with its data.
GDBM 软件包包含 GNU 数据库管理器。它是一个使用可扩展散列的数据库函数库，工作方法和标准 UNIX dbm 类似。该库提供用于存储键值对、通过键搜索和获取数据，以及删除键和对应数据的原语。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_stripping — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The debugging symbols from selected libraries are compressed with <application>Zlib</application> and preserved in separate files. That debugging information is needed to run regression tests with <ulink url='&blfs-book;/general/valgrind.html'>valgrind</ulink> or <ulink url='&blfs-book;/general/gdb.html'>gdb</ulink> later, in BLFS.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_markupsafe — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
MarkupSafe is a Python module that implements an XML/HTML/XHTML Markup safe string.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_jinja2 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Jinja2 is a Python module that implements a simple pythonic template language.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_attr — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Attr package contains utilities to administer the extended attributes of filesystem objects.
Attr 软件包包含管理文件系统对象扩展属性的工具。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_e2fsprogs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the <systemitem class="filesystem">ext2</systemitem> file system. It also supports the <systemitem class="filesystem">ext3</systemitem> and <systemitem class="filesystem">ext4</systemitem> journaling file systems.
E2fsprogs 软件包包含处理 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext2</systemitem> 文件系统的工具。此外它也支持 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext3</systemitem> 和 <systemitem class="filesystem">ext4</systemitem> 日志文件系统。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libxcrypt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Libxcrypt package contains a modern library for one-way hashing of passwords.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_meson — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Meson is an open source build system designed to be both extremely fast and as user friendly as possible.
Meson 是一个开放源代码构建系统，它的设计保证了非常快的执行速度，和尽可能高的用户友好性。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_lz4 — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Lz4 is a lossless compression algorithm, providing compression speed greater than 500 MB/s per core. It features an extremely fast decoder, with speed in multiple GB/s per core. Lz4 can work with Zstandard to allow both algorithms to compress data faster.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_sysvinit — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The SysVinit package contains programs for controlling the startup, running, and shutdown of the system.
Sysvinit 软件包包含控制系统启动、运行和关闭的程序。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_python — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Python 3 package contains the Python development environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming, writing scripts, prototyping large programs, and developing entire applications. Python is an interpreted computer language.
Python 3 软件包包含 Python 开发环境。它被用于面向对象编程，编写脚本，为大型程序建立原型，或者开发完整的应用。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_setuptools — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Setuptools is a tool used to download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_flit-core — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Flit-core is the distribution-building parts of Flit (a packaging tool for simple Python modules).
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_sysklogd — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those emitted by the kernel when unusual things happen.
Sysklogd 软件包包含记录系统消息的程序，例如在意外情况发生时内核给出的消息。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_acl — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
Acl 软件包包含管理访问控制列表的工具，访问控制列表能够更细致地自由定义文件和目录的访问权限。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_pkgmgt — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
There are multiple solutions for package management, each having its strengths and drawbacks. Finding one solution that satisfies all audiences is difficult.
存在多种软件包管理的解决方案，它们各有优缺点。很难找到一种让所有读者满意的方案。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_aboutdebug — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A <command>bash</command> binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB (60% smaller)
一个没有调试符号的 <command>bash</command> 二进制程序：480 KB
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libtool — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It makes the use of shared libraries simpler with a consistent, portable interface.
Libtool 软件包包含 GNU 通用库支持脚本。它在一个一致、可移植的接口下隐藏了使用共享库的复杂性。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_groff — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text and images.
Groff 软件包包含处理和格式化文本的程序。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libcap — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The Libcap package implements the userspace interface to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities partition the all-powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
Libcap 软件包为 Linux 内核提供的 POSIX 1003.1e 权能字实现用户接口。这些权能字是 root 用户的最高特权分割成的一组不同权限。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_prerequisites — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Software-Building-HOWTO <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/>
Software-Building-HOWTO <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html"/>
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_audience — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
LFS allows you to create very compact Linux systems. With other distributions you are often forced to install a great many programs you neither use nor understand. These programs waste resources. You may argue that with today's hard drives and CPUs, wasted resources are no longer a consideration. Sometimes, however, you are still constrained by the system's size, if nothing else. Think about bootable CDs, USB sticks, and embedded systems. Those are areas where LFS can be beneficial.
LFS 允许您创建非常紧凑的 Linux 系统。在安装传统的 Linux 发行版时，您往往不得不安装一大堆可能永远不会用到，甚至完全无法理解其必要性的程序。它们会浪费系统资源。您可能以为，有了现代的大容量硬盘和高速 CPU，就不需要考虑资源耗费的问题。然而，在一些情况下，即使不考虑其他问题，仅仅存储空间的约束就十分紧张。可引导 CD，USB 启动盘或者嵌入式系统就是典型代表。在这些领域中，LFS 是十分有用的。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_standards — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<ulink url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</ulink>
<ulink url="http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</ulink>
Linux From Scratch 12.2/prologue_architecture — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
As you can see, on the same hardware, the 64-bit build is only 3% faster (and 22% larger) than the 32-bit build. If you plan to use LFS as a LAMP server, or a firewall, a 32-bit CPU may be good enough. On the other hand, several packages in BLFS now need more than 4 GB of RAM to be built and/or to run; if you plan to use LFS as a desktop, the LFS authors recommend building a 64-bit system.
可以看出，在相同的硬件上，64 位系统的构建仅仅比 32 位快 3%，但占用的磁盘空间却比 32 位系统大 22%。如果您准备用 LFS 系统运行 LAMP 服务器，或者防火墙，那么 32 位 CPU 足以满足需求。然而，BLFS 中的一些软件包在构建或运行过程中可能需要超过 4GB 的内存，因此如果您准备将 LFS 作为桌面系统，LFS 作者推荐构建 64 位系统。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_introduction — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>init</command> program is controlled by the <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> file and is organized into run levels that can be chosen by the user. In LFS, they are used as follows:
<command>init</command> 程序受到 <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> 文件的控制，被组织为用户可以选择的系统运行级别：
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_consoled — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The <command>systemd-vconsole-setup</command> service reads the <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> file for configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this, see <ulink url="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>. Examine the output of <command>localectl list-keymaps</command> for a list of valid console keymaps. Look in the <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> directory for valid screen fonts.
<command>systemd-vconsole-setup</command> 服务从 <filename>/etc/vconsole.conf</filename> 文件中读取配置信息。它根据配置确定使用的键映射和控制台字体。一些与特定语言相关的 HOWTO 文档可以帮助您进行配置，参阅 <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>。浏览 <command>localectl list-keymaps</command> 输出的可用控制台键映射列表。在 <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> 目录中寻找可用的控制台字体。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_udev — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Linux systems in general traditionally used a static device creation method, whereby a great many device nodes were created under <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually existed. This was typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contained a number of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant major and minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in the world.
传统的 Linux 系统通常使用静态地创建设备，即在 <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> 下创建大量设备节点 (有时有数千个节点)，无论对应的硬件设备是否真的存在。一般通过 <command>MAKEDEV</command> 脚本完成这一工作，它包含以相关的主设备号和次设备号，为世界上可能存在的每个设备建立节点的大量 <command>mknod</command> 命令。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_usage — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This version of LFS uses a special booting facility named SysVinit, based on a series of <emphasis>run levels</emphasis>. The boot procedure can be quite different from one system to another; the fact that things worked one way in a particular Linux distribution does not guarantee they will work the same way in LFS. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it does respect generally accepted standards.
Linux 使用一种称为 SysVinit 的特殊引导架构，它基于<emphasis>运行级别</emphasis> (run-level) 的概念而构建。不同系统的 SysVinit 可能会区别很大，因此不能假设那些在某个 Linux 发行版上正常工作的方法也能在 LFS 正常工作。LFS 有一些独特的工作方式，但它也遵守被广泛接受的标准。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter09_network — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The files in <filename class="directory">/etc/sysconfig/</filename> usually determine which interfaces are brought up and down by the network script. This directory should contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as <filename>ifconfig.xyz</filename>, where <quote>xyz</quote> describes the network card. The interface name (e.g. eth0) is usually appropriate. Each file contains the attributes of one interface, such as its IP address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. The stem of the filename must be <emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis>.
负责网络的引导脚本通常根据 <filename class="directory">/etc/sysconfig</filename> 中配置文件的内容，启用或禁用网络接口。对于每个需要配置的网络接口，该目录中都应该包含一个文件，文件名类似 <filename>ifconfig.xyz</filename>，这里<quote>xyz</quote>应该能够描述该网卡。使用接口名 (如 eth0) 一般比较合适。文件内部是该网络接口的属性，如 IP 地址、子网掩码等。文件名必须以 <emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis> 开头。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_reboot — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A review of the following configuration files is also appropriate at this point.
最后，可以再次检查下列配置文件。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter01_how — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<xref linkend="chapter-partitioning"/> of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system, where the new LFS system will be compiled and installed. <xref linkend="chapter-getting-materials"/> explains which packages and patches must be downloaded to build an LFS system, and how to store them on the new file system. <xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/> discusses the setup of an appropriate working environment. Please read <xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/> carefully as it explains several important issues you should be aware of before you begin to work your way through <xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/> and beyond.
本书的<xref linkend="chapter-partitioning"/>描述了如何创建一个新的 Linux 本地分区和文件系统，新的 LFS 系统将在该文件系统中被编译和安装。<xref linkend="chapter-getting-materials"/>列举了在构建 LFS 系统的过程中必须下载的软件包和补丁，并解释了在新文件系统中存储它们的方法。<xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/>讨论工作环境的正确配置。请仔细阅读<xref linkend="chapter-final-preps"/>，因为它解释了您在开始<xref linkend="chapter-cross-tools"/>及后续章节的工作前必须了解的一些重要问题。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter01_whatsnew — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Bash-&bash-version;
Bc &bc-version;
Linux From Scratch 12.2/part3intro_generalinstructions — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
During the compilation of most packages, some warnings will scroll by on the screen. These are normal and can safely be ignored. These warnings are usually about deprecated, but not invalid, use of the C or C++ syntax. C standards change fairly often, and some packages have not yet been updated. This is not a serious problem, but it does cause the warnings to appear.
在编译大多数软件包时，屏幕上都会出现一些警告。这是正常的，可以放心地忽略。这些警告就像它们描述的那样，是关于一些过时的，但并不是错误的 C 或 C++ 语法。C 标准经常改变，一些软件包仍然在使用旧的标准。这并不是一个严重的问题，但确实会触发警告。
Linux From Scratch 12.2/index — Spanish
Appendices
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_stages — Spanish
Procedures performed as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user after Section 2.4 must have the LFS environment variable set <emphasis>FOR THE ROOT USER</emphasis>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_hostreqs — Spanish
Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate packages, often in the form of <literal><replaceable>&lt;package-name&gt;</replaceable>-devel</literal> or <literal><replaceable>&lt;package-name&gt;</replaceable>-dev</literal>. Be sure to install those if your distribution provides them.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_mounting — Spanish
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> $LFS</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_creatingpartition — Spanish
Start a disk partitioning program such as <command>cfdisk</command> or <command>fdisk</command> with a command line option naming the hard disk on which the new partition will be created&mdash;for example <filename class="devicefile">/dev/sda</filename> for the primary disk drive. Create a Linux native partition and a <systemitem class="filesystem">swap</systemitem> partition, if needed. Please refer to <ulink role='man' url='&man;cfdisk.8'>cfdisk(8)</ulink> or <ulink role='man' url='&man;fdisk.8'>fdisk(8)</ulink> if you do not yet know how to use the programs.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_creatingfilesystem — Spanish
is suitable for small partitions that are updated infrequently such as /boot.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter02_aboutlfs — Spanish
Do not forget to check that <envar>LFS</envar> is set whenever you leave and reenter the current working environment (such as when doing a <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> or another user). Check that the <envar>LFS</envar> variable is set up properly with:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_createfiles — Spanish
/var/log/btmp
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_texinfo — Spanish
temporary
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_kernfs — Spanish
<userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_cleanup — Spanish
Second, on a modern Linux system, the libtool .la files are only useful for libltdl. No libraries in LFS are loaded by libltdl, and it's known that some .la files can cause BLFS package failures. Remove those files now:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_chroot — Spanish
The <parameter>-i</parameter> option given to the <command>env</command> command will clear all the variables in the chroot environment. After that, only the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, <envar>PS1</envar>, and <envar>PATH</envar> variables are set again. The <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct sets the <envar>TERM</envar> variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is needed so programs like <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command> can operate properly. If other variables are desired, such as <envar>CFLAGS</envar> or <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>, this is a good place to set them.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_creatingdirs — Spanish
<userinput>mkdir -pv /{boot,home,mnt,opt,srv}</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter10_kernel — Spanish
The Linux package contains the Linux kernel.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_changingowner — Spanish
<userinput>chown --from lfs -R root:root $LFS/{usr,lib,var,etc,bin,sbin,tools}
case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) chown --from lfs -R root:root $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter07_python — Spanish
temporary
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter10_fstab — Spanish
<userinput>cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/fstab

# file system mount-point type options dump fsck
# order

/dev/<replaceable>&lt;xxx&gt;</replaceable> / <replaceable>&lt;fff&gt;</replaceable> defaults 1 1
/dev/<replaceable>&lt;yyy&gt;</replaceable> swap swap pri=1 0 0

# End /etc/fstab</literal>
EOF</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/appendices_dependencies — Spanish
For each package that is built, there are three, and sometimes up to five types of dependencies listed below. The first lists what other packages need to be available in order to compile and install the package in question. The second lists the packages that must be available when any programs or libraries from the package are used at runtime. The third lists what packages, in addition to those on the first list, need to be available in order to run the test suites. The fourth list of dependencies are packages that require this package to be built and installed in its final location before they are built and installed.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/appendices_creat-comm — Spanish
License
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/appendices_udev-rules — Spanish
&lfs-rules;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_abouttestsuites — Spanish
A common issue with running the test suites for binutils and GCC is running out of pseudo terminals (PTYs). This can result in a large number of failing tests. This may happen for several reasons, but the most likely cause is that the host system does not have the <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file system set up correctly. This issue is discussed in greater detail at <ulink url="&lfs-root;lfs/faq.html#no-ptys"/>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_creatingminlayout — Spanish
Programs in <xref linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> will be compiled with a cross-compiler (more details can be found in section <xref linkend="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"/>). This cross-compiler will be installed in a special directory, to separate it from the other programs. Still acting as &root;, create that directory with this command:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_settingenviron — Spanish
The new instance of the shell is a <emphasis>non-login</emphasis> shell, which does not read, and execute, the contents of the <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or <filename>.bash_profile</filename> files, but rather reads, and executes, the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file instead. Create the <filename>.bashrc</filename> file now:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_aboutsbus — Spanish
SBUs are not entirely accurate because they depend on many factors, including the host system's version of GCC. They are provided here to give an estimate of how long it might take to install a package, but the numbers can vary by as much as dozens of minutes in some cases.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter04_addinguser — Spanish
<parameter>-s /bin/bash</parameter>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_intltool — Spanish
The Intltool is an internationalization tool used for extracting translatable strings from source files.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_autoconf — Spanish
The Autoconf package contains programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_wheel — Spanish
Wheel is a Python library that is the reference implementation of the Python wheel packaging standard.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_gmp — Spanish
The GMP package contains math libraries. These have useful functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_libffi — Spanish
The Libffi library provides a portable, high level programming interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to call any function specified by a call interface description at run time.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_gcc — Spanish
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_texinfo — Spanish
The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_mpc — Spanish
The MPC package contains a library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct rounding of the result.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_zstd — Spanish
Zstandard is a real-time compression algorithm, providing high compression ratios. It offers a very wide range of compression / speed trade-offs, while being backed by a very fast decoder.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_flex — Spanish
The Flex package contains a utility for generating programs that recognize patterns in text.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_util-linux — Spanish
The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles, partitions, and messages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_bc — Spanish
The Bc package contains an arbitrary precision numeric processing language.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_findutils — Spanish
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. Programs are provided to search through all the files in a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable unless the database has been updated recently). Findutils also supplies the <command>xargs</command> program, which can be used to run a specified command on each file selected by a search.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_check — Spanish
Check is a unit testing framework for C.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_introduction — Spanish
On the other hand, we keep the optimizations enabled by the default configuration of the packages. In addition, we sometimes explicitly enable an optimized configuration provided by a package but not enabled by default. The package maintainers have already tested these configurations and consider them safe, so it's not likely they would break the build. Generally the default configuration already enables <option>-O2</option> or <option>-O3</option>, so the resulting system will still run very fast without any customized optimization, and be stable at the same time.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_glibc — Spanish
The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so on.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_man-pages — Spanish
The Man-pages package contains over 2,400 man pages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_markupsafe — Spanish
MarkupSafe is a Python module that implements an XML/HTML/XHTML Markup safe string.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_udev — Spanish
The Udev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_grub — Spanish
The GRUB package contains the GRand Unified Bootloader.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_expect — Spanish
The <application>Expect</application> package contains tools for automating, via scripted dialogues, interactive applications such as <command>telnet</command>, <command>ftp</command>, <command>passwd</command>, <command>fsck</command>, <command>rlogin</command>, and <command>tip</command>. <application>Expect</application> is also useful for testing these same applications as well as easing all sorts of tasks that are prohibitively difficult with anything else. The <application>DejaGnu</application> framework is written in <application>Expect</application>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_cleanup — Spanish
<userinput>find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete</userinput>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_iproute2 — Spanish
The IPRoute2 package contains programs for basic and advanced IPV4-based networking.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_tcl — Spanish
Tcl-&tcl-version;
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_gperf — Spanish
Gperf generates a perfect hash function from a key set.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_mpfr — Spanish
The MPFR package contains functions for multiple precision math.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_sed — Spanish
The Sed package contains a stream editor.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.2/chapter08_perl — Spanish
The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language.