Translation Source string Target string
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Getting Started After LFS
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Getting Started After LFS
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Deciding what to do next
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Deciding what to do next
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Now that LFS is complete and you have a bootable system, what do you do? The next step is to decide how to use it. Generally, there are two broad categories to consider: workstation or server. Indeed, these categories are not mutually exclusive. The applications needed for each category can be combined onto a single system, but let's look at them separately for now.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Now that LFS is complete and you have a bootable system, what do you do? The next step is to decide how to use it. Generally, there are two broad categories to consider: workstation or server. Indeed, these categories are not mutually exclusive. The applications needed for each category can be combined onto a single system, but let's look at them separately for now.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A server is the simpler category. Generally this consists of a web server such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/apache.html">Apache HTTP Server</ulink> and a database server such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/mariadb.html">MariaDB</ulink>. However other services are possible. The operating system embedded in a single use device falls into this category.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
A server is the simpler category. Generally this consists of a web server such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/apache.html">Apache HTTP Server</ulink> and a database server such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;server/mariadb.html">MariaDB</ulink>. However other services are possible. The operating system embedded in a single use device falls into this category.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
On the other hand, a workstation is much more complex. It generally requires a graphical user environment such as <ulink url="&blfs-book;lxde/lxde.html">LXDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xfce/xfce.html">XFCE</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;kde/kde.html">KDE</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;gnome/gnome.html">Gnome</ulink> based on a basic <ulink url="&blfs-book;x/installing.html">graphical environment</ulink> and several graphical based applications such as the <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/firefox.html">Firefox web browser</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/thunderbird.html">Thunderbird email client</ulink>, or <ulink url="&blfs-book;xsoft/libreoffice.html">LibreOffice office suite</ulink>. These applications require many (several hundred depending on desired capabilities) more packages of support applications and libraries.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In addition to the above, there is a set of applications for system management for all kinds of systems. These applications are all in the BLFS book. Not all packages are needed in every environments. For example <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/dhcpcd.html">dhcpcd</ulink>, is not normally appropriate for a server and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wireless_tools.html">wireless_tools</ulink>, are normally only useful for a laptop system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
In addition to the above, there is a set of applications for system management for all kinds of systems. These applications are all in the BLFS book. Not all packages are needed in every environments. For example <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/dhcpcd.html">dhcpcd</ulink>, is not normally appropriate for a server and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wireless_tools.html">wireless_tools</ulink>, are normally only useful for a laptop system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Working in a basic LFS environment
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Working in a basic LFS environment
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
When you initially boot into LFS, you have all the internal tools to build additional packages. Unfortunately, the user environment is quite sparse. There are a couple of ways to improve this:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
When you initially boot into LFS, you have all the internal tools to build additional packages. Unfortunately, the user environment is quite sparse. There are a couple of ways to improve this:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Work from the LFS host in chroot
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Work from the LFS host in chroot
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This method provides a complete graphical environment where a full featured browser and copy/paste capabilities are available. This method allows using applications like the host's version of wget to download package sources to a location available when working in the chroot environment.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
This method provides a complete graphical environment where a full featured browser and copy/paste capabilities are available. This method allows using applications like the host's version of wget to download package sources to a location available when working in the chroot environment.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
In order to properly build packages in chroot, you will also need to remember to mount the virtual file systems if they are not already mounted. One way to do this is to create a script on the <emphasis role="bold">HOST</emphasis> system:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
In order to properly build packages in chroot, you will also need to remember to mount the virtual file systems if they are not already mounted. One way to do this is to create a script on the <emphasis role="bold">HOST</emphasis> system:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<command>cat &gt; ~/mount-virt.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
#!/bin/bash

function mountbind
{
if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then
$SUDO mount --bind /$1 $LFS/$1
echo $LFS/$1 mounted
else
echo $LFS/$1 already mounted
fi
}

function mounttype
{
if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then
$SUDO mount -t $2 $3 $4 $5 $LFS/$1
echo $LFS/$1 mounted
else
echo $LFS/$1 already mounted
fi
}

if [ $EUID -ne 0 ]; then
SUDO=sudo
else
SUDO=""
fi

if [ x$LFS == x ]; then
echo "LFS not set"
exit 1
fi

mountbind dev
mounttype dev/pts devpts devpts -o gid=5,mode=620
mounttype proc proc proc
mounttype sys sysfs sysfs
mounttype run tmpfs run
if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
mkdir -pv $LFS/$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm)
else
mounttype dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev
fi

#mountbind usr/src
#mountbind boot
#mountbind home
EOF</command>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
<command>cat &gt; ~/mount-virt.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
#!/bin/bash

function mountbind
{
if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then
$SUDO mount --bind /$1 $LFS/$1
echo $LFS/$1 mounted
else
echo $LFS/$1 already mounted
fi
}

function mounttype
{
if ! mountpoint $LFS/$1 >/dev/null; then
$SUDO mount -t $2 $3 $4 $5 $LFS/$1
echo $LFS/$1 mounted
else
echo $LFS/$1 already mounted
fi
}

if [ $EUID -ne 0 ]; then
SUDO=sudo
else
SUDO=""
fi

if [ x$LFS == x ]; then
echo "LFS not set"
exit 1
fi

mountbind dev
mounttype dev/pts devpts devpts -o gid=5,mode=620
mounttype proc proc proc
mounttype sys sysfs sysfs
mounttype run tmpfs run
if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
mkdir -pv $LFS/$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm)
else
mounttype dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev
fi

#mountbind usr/src
#mountbind boot
#mountbind home
EOF</command>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Note that the last three commands in the script are commented out. These are useful if those directories are mounted as separate partitions on the host system and will be mounted when booting the completed LFS/BLFS system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Note that the last three commands in the script are commented out. These are useful if those directories are mounted as separate partitions on the host system and will be mounted when booting the completed LFS/BLFS system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
The script can be run with <command>bash ~/mount-virt.sh</command> as either a regular user (recommended) or as &root;. If run as a regular user, sudo is required on the host system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
The script can be run with <command>bash ~/mount-virt.sh</command> as either a regular user (recommended) or as &root;. If run as a regular user, sudo is required on the host system.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Another issue pointed out by the script is where to store downloaded package files. This location is arbitrary. It can be in a regular user's home directory such as ~/sources or in a global location like /usr/src. Our recommendation is not to mix BLFS sources and LFS sources in (from the chroot environment) /sources. In any case, the packages must be accessible inside the chroot environment.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Another issue pointed out by the script is where to store downloaded package files. This location is arbitrary. It can be in a regular user's home directory such as ~/sources or in a global location like /usr/src. Our recommendation is not to mix BLFS sources and LFS sources in (from the chroot environment) /sources. In any case, the packages must be accessible inside the chroot environment.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
A last convenience feature presented here is to streamline the process of entering the chroot environment. This can be done with an alias placed in a user's ~/.bashrc file on the host system:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
A last convenience feature presented here is to streamline the process of entering the chroot environment. This can be done with an alias placed in a user's ~/.bashrc file on the host system:
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
<command>alias lfs='sudo /usr/sbin/chroot /mnt/lfs /usr/bin/env -i HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1="\u:\w\\\\$ "
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin /bin/bash --login'</command>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
<command>alias lfs='sudo /usr/sbin/chroot /mnt/lfs /usr/bin/env -i HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1="\u:\w\\\\$ "
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin /bin/bash --login'</command>
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This alias is a little tricky because of the quoting and levels of backslash characters. It must be all on a single line. The above command has been split in two for presentation purposes.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
This alias is a little tricky because of the quoting and levels of backslash characters. It must be all on a single line. The above command has been split in two for presentation purposes.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Work remotely via ssh
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Work remotely via ssh
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This method also provides a full graphical environment, but first requires installing <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/openssh.html">sshd</ulink> and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wget.html">wget</ulink> on the LFS system, usually in chroot. It also requires a second computer. This method has the advantage of being simple by not requiring the complexity of the chroot environment. It also uses your LFS built kernel for all additional packages and still provides a complete system for installing packages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
This method also provides a full graphical environment, but first requires installing <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/openssh.html">sshd</ulink> and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wget.html">wget</ulink> on the LFS system, usually in chroot. It also requires a second computer. This method has the advantage of being simple by not requiring the complexity of the chroot environment. It also uses your LFS built kernel for all additional packages and still provides a complete system for installing packages.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
Work from the LFS command line
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
Work from the LFS command line
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
This method requires installing <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/libtasn1.html">libtasn1</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/p11-kit.html">p11-kit</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/make-ca.html">make-ca</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wget.html">wget</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/gpm.html">gpm</ulink>, and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/links.html">links</ulink> (or <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/lynx.html">lynx</ulink>) in chroot and then rebooting into the new LFS system. At this point the default system has six virtual consoles. Switching consoles is as easy as using the <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> key combinations where <keycap>Fx</keycap> is between <keycap>F1</keycap> and <keycap>F6</keycap>. The <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap function='left'/> </keycombo> and <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap function='right'/> </keycombo> combinations also will change the console.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
This method requires installing <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/libtasn1.html">libtasn1</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/p11-kit.html">p11-kit</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/make-ca.html">make-ca</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/wget.html">wget</ulink>, <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/gpm.html">gpm</ulink>, and <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/links.html">links</ulink> (or <ulink url="&blfs-book;basicnet/lynx.html">lynx</ulink>) in chroot and then rebooting into the new LFS system. At this point the default system has six virtual consoles. Switching consoles is as easy as using the <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> key combinations where <keycap>Fx</keycap> is between <keycap>F1</keycap> and <keycap>F6</keycap>. The <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap function='left'/> </keycombo> and <keycombo> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap function='right'/> </keycombo> combinations also will change the console.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
At this point you can log into two different virtual consoles and run the links or lynx browser in one console and bash in the other. GPM then allows copying commands from the browser with the left mouse button, switching consoles, and pasting into the other console.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
At this point you can log into two different virtual consoles and run the links or lynx browser in one console and bash in the other. GPM then allows copying commands from the browser with the left mouse button, switching consoles, and pasting into the other console.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Chinese (Simplified Han script)
As a side note, switching of virtual consoles can also be done from an X Window instance with the <keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> key combination, but the mouse copy operation does not work between the graphical interface and a virtual console. You can return to the X Window display with the <keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> combination, where <keycap>Fx</keycap> is usually <keycap>F1</keycap> but may be <keycap>F7</keycap>.
 
Linux From Scratch 12.0/chapter11_afterlfs — Greek
As a side note, switching of virtual consoles can also be done from an X Window instance with the <keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> key combination, but the mouse copy operation does not work between the graphical interface and a virtual console. You can return to the X Window display with the <keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Fx</keycap> </keycombo> combination, where <keycap>Fx</keycap> is usually <keycap>F1</keycap> but may be <keycap>F7</keycap>.